NOTES

* * * * *

HISTORY OF ENGLAND.

CHAPTER I.

CHARLES I.—­(Continued.)

Battle Of Edge Hill—­Treaty At Oxford—­Solemn Vow And Covenant—­Battle
Of Newbury—­Solemn League And Covenant Between The English And Scottish
Parliaments—­Cessation Of War In Ireland-Royalist Parliament At
Oxford—­Propositions Of Peace—­Battle Of Marston Moor—­The Army Of
Essex Capitulates In The West—­Self-Denying Ordinance—­Synod Of
Divines—­Directory For Public Worship—­Trial Of Archbishop Laud—­Bill Of
Attainder—­His Execution.

It had been suggested to the king that, at the head of an army, he might negotiate with greater dignity and effect.  From Nottingham he despatched to London the earl of Southampton, Sir John Colepepper, and William Uvedale, the bearers of a proposal, that commissioners should be appointed on both sides, with full powers to treat of an accommodation.[a] The two houses, assuming a tone of conscious superiority, replied that they could receive no message from a prince who had raised his standard against his parliament, and had pronounced their general a traitor.[b] Charles (and his condescension may be taken as a[c]

[Sidenote a:  A.D. 1642.  August 25.] [Sidenote b:  A.D. 1642.  August 27.] [Sidenote c:  A.D. 1642.  Sept. 4]

proof of his wish to avoid hostilities) offered to withdraw his proclamation, provided they on their part would rescind their votes against his adherents.[a] They refused:  it was their right and their duty to denounce, and bring to justice, the enemies of the nation.[b] He conjured them to think of the blood that would be shed, and to remember that it would lie at their door; they retorted the charge; he was the aggressor, and his would be the guilt.[c] With this answer vanished every prospect of peace; both parties appealed to the sword; and within a few weeks the flames of civil war were lighted up in every part of the kingdom.[1]

Three-fourths of the nobility and superior gentry, led by feelings of honour and gratitude, or by their attachment to the church, or by a well-grounded suspicion of the designs of the leading patriots, had ranged themselves under the royal banner.  Charles felt assured of victory, when he contemplated the birth, and wealth, and influence of those by whom he was surrounded; but he might have discovered much to dissipate the illusion, had he considered their habits, or been acquainted with their real, but unavowed sentiments.  They were for the most part men of pleasure, fitter to grace a court than to endure the rigour of military discipline, devoid of mental energy, and likely, by their indolence and debauchery, to offer advantages to a prompt and vigilant enemy.  Ambition would induce them to aspire to office, and commands and honours, to form cabals against their competitors, and to distract the attention of the monarch by their importunity or their complaints.  They contained among them many who secretly disapproved of the war,