With perfect fitness then does William the Norman, William the Norman Conqueror of England, take his place in a series of English statesmen.  That so it should be is characteristic of English history.  Our history has been largely wrought for us by men who have come in from without, sometimes as conquerors, sometimes as the opposite of conquerors; but in whatever character they came, they had to put on the character of Englishmen, and to make their work an English work.  From whatever land they came, on whatever mission they came, as statesmen they were English.  William, the greatest of his class, is still but a member of a class.  Along with him we must reckon a crowd of kings, bishops, and high officials in many ages of our history.  Theodore of Tarsus and Cnut of Denmark, Lanfranc of Pavia and Anselm of Aosta, Randolf Flambard and Roger of Salisbury, Henry of Anjou and Simon of Montfort, are all written on a list of which William is but the foremost.  The largest number come in William’s own generation and in the generations just before and after it.  But the breed of England’s adopted children and rulers never died out.  The name of William the Deliverer stands, if not beside that of his namesake the Conqueror, yet surely alongside of the lawgiver from Anjou.  And we count among the later worthies of England not a few men sprung from other lands, who did and are doing their work among us, and who, as statesmen at least, must count as English.  As we look along the whole line, even among the conquering kings and their immediate instruments, their work never takes the shape of the rooting up of the earlier institutions of the land.  Those institutions are modified, sometimes silently by the mere growth of events, sometimes formally and of set purpose.  Old institutions get new names; new institutions are set up alongside of them.  But the old ones are never swept away; they sometimes die out; they are never abolished.  This comes largely of the absorbing and assimilating power of the island world.  But it comes no less of personal character and personal circumstances, and pre-eminently of the personal character of the Norman Conqueror and of the circumstances in which he found himself.

Our special business now is with the personal acts and character of William, and above all with his acts and character as an English statesman.  But the English reign of William followed on his earlier Norman reign, and its character was largely the result of his earlier Norman reign.  A man of the highest natural gifts, he had gone through such a schooling from his childhood upwards as falls to the lot of few princes.  Before he undertook the conquest of England, he had in some sort to work the conquest of Normandy.  Of the ordinary work of a sovereign in a warlike age, the defence of his own land, the annexation of other lands, William had his full share.  With the land of his overlord he had dealings of the most opposite kinds.  He had to call in the help