[Mr. Rockhill (Rubruck, 101, note) says that these post-stations were established by Okkodai in 1234 throughout the Mongol empire. (D’Ohsson, ii. 63.) Dr. G. Schlegel (T’oung Pao, II. 1891, 265, note) observes that iam is not, as Pauthier supposed, a contraction of yi-ma, horse post-house (yi-ma means post-horse, and Pauthier makes a mistake), but represents the Chinese character [Chinese], pronounced at present chan, which means in fact a road station, a post.  In Annamite, this character [Chinese] is pronounced tram, and it means, according to Bonet’s Dict.  Annamite-Francais:  “Relais de poste, station de repos.” (See Bretschneider, Med.  Res. I. p. 187 note.)—­H.  C.]

NOTE 3.—­Martini and Magaillans, in the 17th century, give nearly the same account of the government hostelries.

NOTE 4.—­Here Ramusio has this digression:  “Should any one find it difficult to understand how there should be such a population as all this implies, and how they can subsist, the answer is that all the Idolaters, and Saracens as well, take six, eight, or ten wives apiece when they can afford it, and beget an infinity of children.  In fact, you shall find many men who have each more than thirty sons who form an armed retinue to their father, and this through the fact of his having so many wives.  With us, on the other hand, a man hath but one wife; and if she be barren, still he must abide by her for life, and have no progeny; thus we have not such a population as they have.

“And as regards food, they have abundance; for they generally consume rice, panic, and millet (especially the Tartars, Cathayans, and people of Manzi); and these three crops in those countries render an hundred-fold.  Those nations use no bread, but only boil those kinds of grain with milk or meat for their victual.  Their wheat, indeed, does not render so much, but this they use only to make vermicelli, and pastes of that description.  No spot of arable land is left untilled; and their cattle are infinitely prolific, so that when they take the field every man is followed by six, eight, or more horses for his own use.  Thus you may clearly perceive how the population of those parts is so great, and how they have such an abundance of food.”

NOTE 5.—­The Burmese kings used to have the odoriferous Durian transmitted by horse-posts from Tenasserim to Ava.  But the most notable example of the rapid transmission of such dainties, and the nearest approach I know of to their despatch by telegraph, was that practised for the benefit of the Fatimite Khalif Aziz (latter part of 10th century), who had a great desire for a dish of cherries of Balbek.  The Wazir Yakub ben-Kilis caused six hundred pigeons to be despatched from Balbek to Cairo, each of which carried attached to either leg a small silk bag containing a cherry! (Quat.  Makrizi, IV. 118.)

NOTE 6.—­“Note is taken at every post,” says Amyot, in speaking of the Chinese practice of last century, “of the time of the courier’s arrival, in order that it may be known at what point delays have occurred.” (Mem. VIII. 185.)