The Netherlands form a kingdom of moderate extent, situated on the borders of the ocean, opposite to the southeast coast of England, and stretching from the frontiers of France to those of Hanover.  The country is principally composed of low and humid grounds, presenting a vast plain, irrigated by the waters from all those neighboring states which are traversed by the Rhine, the Meuse, and the Scheldt.  This plain, gradually rising toward its eastern and southern extremities, blends on the one hand with Prussia, and on the other with France.  Having, therefore, no natural or strongly marked limits on those sides, the extent of the kingdom could only be determined by convention; and it must be at all times subject to the arbitrary and varying influence of European policy.  Its greatest length, from north to south, is about two hundred and twenty English miles; and its breadth, from east to west, is nearly one hundred and forty.

Two distinct kinds of men inhabit this kingdom.  The one occupying the valleys of the Meuse and the Scheldt, and the high grounds bordering on France, speak a dialect of the language of that country, and evidently belong to the Gallic race.  They are called Walloons, and are distinguished from the others by many peculiar qualities.  Their most prominent characteristic is a propensity for war, and their principal source of subsistence the working of their mines.  They form nearly one-fourth of the population of the whole kingdom, or about one million three hundred thousand persons.  All the rest of the nation speak Low German, in its modifications of Dutch and Flemish; and they offer the distinctive characteristics of the Saxon race—­talents for agriculture, navigation, and commerce; perseverance rather than vivacity; and more courage than taste for the profession of arms.  They are subdivided into Flemings—­those who were the last to submit to the House of Austria; and Dutch—­those who formed the republic of the United Provinces.  But there is no difference between these two subdivisions, except such as has been produced by political and religious institutions.  The physical aspect of the people is the same; and the soil, equally law and moist, is at once fertilized and menaced by the waters.

The history of this last-mentioned portion of the nation is completely linked to that of the soil which they occupy.  In remote times, when the inhabitants of this plain were few and uncivilized, the country formed but one immense morass, of which the chief part was incessantly inundated and made sterile by the waters of the sea.  Pliny the naturalist, who visited the northern coasts, has left us a picture of their state in his days.  “There,” says he, “the ocean pours in its flood twice every day, and produces a perpetual uncertainty whether the country may be considered as a part of the continent or of the sea.  The wretched inhabitants take refuge on the sand-hills, or in little huts, which they construct on the summits of lofty stakes, whose