temples; the statues which ornamented the capital, the holy vessels of the Jewish temple which Titus had brought from Jerusalem, imperial sideboards of massive silver, the jewels of senatorial families, with their wives and daughters,—­all were carried away to Carthage, the seat of the new Empire of the Vandals, A.D. 455, then once more a flourishing city.  The haughty capital met the fate which she had inflicted on her rival in the days of Cato the censor, but fell still more ingloriously, and never would have recovered from this second fall had not her immortal bishop, rising with the greatness of the crisis, laid the foundation of a new power,—­that spiritual domination which controlled the Gothic nations for more than a thousand years.

With the fall of Rome,—­yet too great a city to be wholly despoiled or ruined, and which has remained even to this day the centre of what is most interesting in the world,—­I should close this Lecture; but I must glance rapidly over the whole Empire, and show its condition when the imperial capital was spoiled, humiliated, and deserted.

The Suevi, Alans, and Vandals invaded Spain, and erected their barbaric monarchies.  The Goths were established in the south of Gaul, while the north was occupied by the Franks and Burgundians.  England, abandoned by the Romans, was invaded by the Saxons, who formed permanent conquests.  In Italy there were Goths and Heruli and Lombards.  All these races were Germanic.  They probably made serfs or slaves of the old population, or were incorporated with them.  They became the new rulers of the devastated provinces; and all became, sooner or later, converts to a nominal Christianity, the supreme guardian of which was the Pope, whose authority they all recognized.  The languages which sprang up in Europe were a blending of the Roman, Celtic, and Germanic.  In Spain and Italy the Latin predominated, as the Saxon prevailed in England after the Norman conquest.  Of all the new settlers in the Roman world, the Normans, who made no great incursions till the time of Charlemagne, were probably the strongest and most refined.  But they all alike had the same national traits, substantially; and they entered upon the possessions of the Romans after various contests, more or less successful, for two hundred and fifty years.

The Empire might have been invaded by these barbarians in the time of the Antonines, and perhaps earlier; but it would not have succumbed to them.  The Legions were then severely disciplined, the central power was established, and the seeds of ruin had not then brought forth their wretched fruits.  But in the fifth century nothing could have saved the Empire.  Its decline had been rapid for two hundred years, until at last it became as weak as the Oriental monarchies which Alexander subdued.  It fell like a decayed and rotten tree.  As a political State all vitality had fled from it.  The only remaining conservative forces came from Christianity; and Christianity was itself corrupted, and had become a part of the institutions of the State.