his pledge, that while he was chancellor he put an end to the abuse of keeping bishoprics and abbeys vacant.  He had, however, as was said at the time, “put off the deacon” to put on the chancellor; and in an ecclesiastical trial which took place soon after Henry’s crowning, he appears as an energetic exponent of the king’s legal views.  A dispute had raged for years as to the jurisdiction of the bishops of Chichester over the abbots of Battle.  On Henry’s accession Bishop Hilary of Chichester vigorously renewed the struggle, and a great trial was held in May 1157 to decide the matter.  Hilary failing after much discussion to effect a compromise, emphatically and solemnly declared in words such as Henry was to hear a few years later from another mouth, that there were two powers, secular and spiritual, and that the secular authority could not interfere with the spiritual jurisdiction, or depose any bishop or ecclesiastic without leave from Rome.  “True enough, he cannot be ‘deposed,’” cried the young king, “but by a shove like this he may be clean thrust out!” and he suited the action to the words.  A laugh ran round the assembly at the king’s jest; but Hilary, taking no notice of the hint, went on to urge that no layman, not even the king, could by the law of Rome confer ecclesiastical dignity or exemptions without the Pope’s leave and confirmation.  “What next!” broke in Henry angrily, “you think with your practised cunning to set yourself up against the authority of my kingly prerogative granted me by God Himself!  I command you by the allegiance you have sworn to keep within proper bounds language against my crown and dignity!” A general clamour rose against the prelate, and the chancellor, louder than the rest, talked of the bishop’s oath of fealty to the king, and warned him to take heed to himself.  Hilary, seeing himself thus beset, obsequiously declared that he had no wish to take aught from the kingly honour and dignity, which he had always bent every effort to magnify and increase; but Henry bluntly retorted that it was plain to all that his honour and dignity would be speedily removed far from him by the fair and deceitful talk of those who would annul his just prerogatives.  The bishop could not find a single friend.  Chancellor and justiciar and constable rivalled one another in taunts and sharp phrases.  When he went on to urge the revision of the Conqueror’s charter to Battle by the archbishop, and to appeal to ecclesiastical custom, Henry’s wrath rose again.  “A wonderful and marvellous thing truly is this we hear, that the charters, forsooth, of my kingly predecessors, confirmed by the prerogative of the Crown of England, and witnessed by the magnates, should be deemed beyond our powers by you, my lord bishop.  God forbid, God forbid, that in my kingdom what is decreed by me at the instance of reason, and with the advice of my archbishops, bishops, and barons, should be liable to the censure of you and such as you!” He broke short discussion