The adjacent country, so far north as is known, is all level, and the soil, being generally covered with dense herbage, is not abraded; but on the eastern ridge the case is different; the grass is short, and, the elevation being great, the soil is washed down by the streams, and hence the discoloration which we now view.  The same thing was observed on the western ridge.  We never saw discoloration till we reached the Quango; that obtained its matter from the western slope of the western ridge, just as this part of the Zambesi receives its soil from the eastern slope of the eastern ridge.  It carried a considerable quantity of wreck of reeds, sticks, and trees.  We struck upon the river about eight miles east of the confluence with the Kafue, and thereby missed a sight of that interesting point.  The cloudiness of the weather was such that but few observations could be made for determining our position; so, pursuing our course, we went down the left bank, and came opposite the island of Menye makaba.  The Zambesi contains numerous islands; this was about a mile and a half or two miles long, and upward of a quarter of a mile broad.  Besides human population, it has a herd of buffaloes that never leave it.  In the distance they seemed to be upward of sixty.  The human and brute inhabitants understand each other; for when the former think they ought to avenge the liberties committed on their gardens, the leaders of the latter come out boldly to give battle.  They told us that the only time in which they can thin them is when the river is full and part of the island flooded.  They then attack them from their canoes.  The comparatively small space to which they have confined themselves shows how luxuriant the vegetation of this region is; for were they in want of more pasture, as buffaloes can swim well, and the distance from this bank to the island is not much more than 200 yards, they might easily remove hither.  The opposite bank is much more distant.

Ranges of hills appear now to run parallel with the Zambesi, and are about fifteen miles apart.  Those on the north approach nearest to the river.  The inhabitants on that side are the Batonga, those on the south bank are the Banyai.  The hills abound in buffaloes, and elephants are numerous, and many are killed by the people on both banks.  They erect stages on high trees overhanging the paths by which the elephants come, and then use a large spear with a handle nearly as thick as a man’s wrist, and four or five feet long.  When the animal comes beneath they throw the spear, and if it enters between the ribs above, as the blade is at least twenty inches long by two broad, the motion of the handle, as it is aided by knocking against the trees, makes frightful gashes within, and soon causes death.  They kill them also by means of a spear inserted in a beam of wood, which being suspended on the branch of a tree by a cord attached to a latch fastened in the path, and intended to be struck by the animal’s foot, leads to the fall of the beam, and, the spear being poisoned, causes death in a few hours.