I will not take it upon myself to describe their order of ceremonies; indeed, I ought not, since I have never been able to view the habits and customs of our aborigines in any other light than that of a sorrowful subject of jest.  Besides, in this instance, the powwow and the expected flow of turgid eloquence were both moderated probably by the conduct of the entire transaction on temperance principles.  I therefore content myself with observing generally that the proceedings were such as in every way became the dignity of the parties interested, and the magnitude of the interests involved.  When the red men had indulged to satiety in tobacco-smoke from their peace-pipes, and in what they love still better—­their peculiar metaphoric rhodomontade, which, beginning with the celestial bodies, and coursing downward over the grandest sublunary objects, always managed to alight at last on their “Great Father,” Polk, and the tenderness with which his affectionate red children regarded him.  All the solemn funny fellows present, who played the part of chiefs, signed formal articles of convention with their unpronounceable names.

The renowned chief Pied Riche—­he was surnamed Le Clerc on account of his remarkable scholarship—­then rose and said:  “My Mormon brethren, the Pottawottomi came, sad and tired, into this unhealthy Missouri bottom, not many years back, when he was taken from his beautiful country, beyond the Mississippi, which had abundant game and timber and clear water everywhere.  Now you are driven away, the same, from your lodges and lands and the graves of your people.  So we have both suffered.  We must help one another, and the Great Spirit will help us both.  You are now free to cut and use all the wood you may wish.  You can make all your improvements, and live on any part of our actual land not occupied by us.  Because one suffers, and does not deserve it, is no reason he shall suffer always:  I say, we may live to see all right yet.  However, if we do not, our children will. Bon jour!”

And thus ended the powwow.  I give this speech as a morsel of real Indian.  It was recited to me after the treaty by the Pottawottomi orator in French, which language he spoke with elegance. Bon jour ["good day”] is the French, Indian, and English hail, and farewell of the Pottawottomis.

Upon the Pottawotomi lands, scattered through the border regions of Missouri and Iowa, in the Sac and Fox country, a few among the Ioways, among the Poncas, in a great company upon the banks of the l’Eau qui Coulee (or Running Water) River, and at the Omaha winter quarters, the Mormons sustained themselves through the heavy winter of 1846-1847.  It was the severest of their trials.  This winter was the turning-point of the Mormon fortunes.  Those who lived through it were spared to witness the gradual return of better times; and they now liken it to the passing of a dreary night, since which they have watched the coming of a steadily brightening day.