fallen were now in paradise.  The next day he wrote to his caliphs, bidding them not to be discouraged; they would thenceforth be lighter and in better order for war.  In fact at the time of the Duc d’Aumale’s attack, the population of the smala amounted to not less than sixty thousand.  Not more than three thousand prisoners were taken; the rest of the Arabs were dispersed in all directions.  Some fell among Arab tribes who plundered them; others were overtaken by Lamoriciere.

The blow was, on the whole, irreparable in its effects upon the influence of the Sultan.  Every day brought tidings of the defection of some great tribe.  The ranks of his enemies were swelled by large contingents of Arabs.

Worse things were in store for the brave man contending with ill-fortune.  His ablest caliphs were removed by captivity or death in action; the distant provinces fell a prey to the foe.  The Province of Oran became the scene of a desperate struggle.  With a chosen and devoted band of five thousand men Abd-el-Kader made his presence felt at all points.  Now he fell on recreant tribes; now he made head against the French columns.  Ever in the van, leading on the charge, plunging into the thickest of the fight, by his example he encouraged and inspired his followers.  His bravest warriors fell around him; his horses were slain under him; his burnoose was torn with bullets; but still he fought on.  The world’s record can show no more brilliant instance of almost superhuman heroism.

Once he was taken unawares.  On September 23, 1843, he was encamped near Sidi Yusuf with a battalion of infantry and five hundred irregular horse.  A spy made known his position to Lamoriciere, who was at a distance of six leagues.  The French General at once led out in person the Second Chasseurs d’Afrique.  A night’s march covered the intervening space and the spot was reached in the gray of dawn.  The Sultan was aroused from sleep by cries of “The French! the French!” He had barely time to mount.  He might have escaped, but he preferred the risk of death to the double stain of surprise and flight.  His infantry seized their arms and fired a volley; his cavalry rallied at his voice.  Then as the smoke slowly rolled away he dashed into the French chasseurs, dispersed them by the sudden shock, and after a few minutes’ hard fighting drew off his whole force in perfect order.

The Beni-Amers, the men whose four thousand sabres had waved in exultation around the young leader of the Djehad; the men whose splendid courage had opened before him the path of glory and of empire, had gone over to the French.  Abd-el-Kader resolved to attack them.  Suddenly descending upon them he swept through their encampments, slew numbers, and carried off a great booty.  A French battalion stationed among them vainly strove to arrest his progress.  An Arab chief, one of his old followers, boldly singled him out, rode up, and fired at him point-blank.  The ball missed, and Abd-el-Kader shot the traitor dead with his pistol.