The next day the club desired that the Swiss should be deprived of their arms and dismissed from the Quirinal; the Pope complied.  The club then asked that Galletti should be named general of the carbineers; and he was appointed.  “Such was the poltroonery or such the depravity of consciences that no journal would or dared denounce the murder.  But why do I speak of denouncing?  The murder was honored with illuminations and festivities in numerous cities, and not in these States only, but beyond them, especially at Leghorn.”  The Councils met on the 18th and 20th, but not a word was said of the murder, and even a proposition for giving assurance to the Pope “of the devotion and unalterable affection of the Deputies” was voted down.  Three of the Bolognese Deputies and a few others then indignantly resigned their seats, and assigned their reasons for this step in addresses to their constituents.

Early on the night of the 25th the Pope secretly left the Quirinal, entered a carriage prepared for him by the wife of the Bavarian ambassador, and went into exile from that city which, within two years and a half, had worshipped, scorned, and assailed him.

(1848) THE REVOLUTION OF FEBRUARY IN FRANCE, Francois P.G.  Guizot and
       Mme. Guizot de Witt

This outbreak marked one of the many transitions in French history, leading to the establishment of the short-lived Second Republic, so soon to be followed by the coup d’etat of Louis Napoleon and the setting up of the Second Empire.  When France passed from the rule of the Bourbons, represented by Charles X, to that of the Orleanists, in the hands of Louis Philippe, the “Citizen King” (July, 1830), great hopes were entertained by the constitutional party that this renewal of the monarchy through the “July Revolution” would result in permanent benefits.  At first the new King enjoyed great popularity.  In some respects his government, compared with that of Charles X, was liberal, and one of its early acts was an extension of the suffrage by decreasing the amount of the property qualification for voters.  The demand for still further enlargement of popular rights became emphatic.  The people were divided mainly into three parties, and the difficulties confronting the King were formidable.  The Conservatives, who had placed him in power, wished to prevent further changes in the State; the Moderates asked for new reforms, especially for a still more extended suffrage; the Radical party desired a republic.

The attitude of the Radicals caused Louis Philippe to halt in his progressive policy.  More than once his life was attempted, and in consequence of such acts the liberty of the press and other privileges were restricted.  The greater part of the French people wished to have the King intervene in behalf of Poland—­which at that period was in a state of almost chronic insurrection—­as he had aided the Belgians against Holland.  In her Eastern policy France was defeated by the Quadruple