be partly to unite and preserve Europe against any common foe, from the East or elsewhere, and partly to regulate any overweening ambition of a member of the Federation, such as might easily become a menace to the other members.  A secondary but most important result of the formation of such a United States of Europe would be that while each State would probably preserve a small military establishment of its own, the enormous and fatal incubus of the present armaments system would be rendered unnecessary, and so at last the threat of national bankruptcy and ruin, which has of late pursued the nations Like an evil dream, might pass away.  But in that matter of finance it cannot be disguised that a terrible period still awaits the European peoples.  Already the moneylenders sitting on their chests form a veritable nightmare; but with fresh debts by the thousand million sterling being contracted, there is great danger that the mass-peoples beneath will be worse paralysed and broken even than they are now—­unless, indeed, with a great effort they rouse themselves and throw off the evil burden.

That the world is waking up to a recognition of racial rights—­that is, the right of each race to have as far as possible its own Government, instead of being lorded over by an alien race—­is a good sign; and a European settlement along that line must be pressed for.  At last, after centuries of discomfort, we at home are finding our solution of the Irish question in this very obvious way; and it may be that Europe, tired of war, may finally have the sense to adopt the same principle.  Of course, there are cases where populations are so mixed, as, for instance, the Czechs and Slovaks and Germans in Bohemia and Moravia, or where small colonies of one race are so embedded in the midst of another race, as are the Germans among the Roumanians of Transylvania, that this solution may be difficult.  That is no reason, however, why the general principle should not be applied.  It must, indeed, be applied if Europe is not to return to barbarism.

And it interests us—­having regard to what I have said about class rule being so fruitful a cause of war—­to remember that the rule of one race by another always does mean class rule.  The alien conquerors who descend upon a country become the military and landlord caste there.  Thus the Norman barons in England, the English squires in Ireland, the Magyars in Hungary, the German barons in East Prussia and the Baltic provinces, and so forth.  They make their profit and maintain themselves out of the labour and the taxation of the subject peoples.