raise, rear                 raise, rise
ransom, redeem              rare, scarce
reason, understanding       reasonable, rational
recollect, remember         regal, royal
reliable, trustworthy       requirement, requisite
restive, restless           reverse, inverse
ride, drive                 rime (or rhyme), rhythm

sacred, holy                salutation, salute
scanty, sparse              scholar, student
science, art                scrupulous, conscientious
serf, slave                 shift, expedient
sick, ill                   silent, taciturn
sit, set                    skilled, skilful
slender, slim               smart, clever
sociable, social            solicitude, anxiety
stay, stop                  stimulus, stimulation
strut, swagger              suppress, repress

termination, terminus       theory, hypothesis
tolerate, permit            torment, torture
tradition, legend           truth, veracity

unbelief, disbelief unique, unusual

varied, various             variety, diversity
venal, venial               vengeance, revenge
verse, stanza               vindictive, revengeful
visit, visitation           visitant, visitor

wander, stray warn, caution will, volition wit, humor witness, see womanish, womanlike worth, value

    Parallels

Pairs of the third type are made up of words parallel in meaning.  This class somewhat overlaps the second; many terms that are frequently confused are parallels, and parallelism is of course a cause of confusion.

Parallels are words that show likeness in meaning.  Likeness, not sameness.  Yet at one time actual sameness may have existed, and in many instances did.  Nowadays this sameness has been lost, and the words have become differentiated.  As a rule they still are closely related in thought; sometimes, however, the divergence between them is wide.

Why did words having the same meaning find lodgment in the language in the first place?  The law of linguistic economy forbids any such happening, and only through sheer good fortune did English come to possess duplications.  The original Anglo-Saxon did not contain them.  But the Roman Catholic clergy brought to England the language of religion and of scholarship, Latin.  Later the Normans, whose speech as a branch of French was an offshoot of Latin, came to the island as conquerors.  For a time, therefore, three languages existed side by side in the country—­Anglo-Saxon among the common folk, Latin among the clergy, and Norman-French at the court and among the nobility.  The coalescing of the three (or of the two if we count Latin in its direct and indirect contributions as one) was inevitable.  But other (mostly cognate) languages also had a part in the speech that was ultimately evolved.  The Anglo-Saxon element was augmented by words from Dutch, Scandinavian, and the

Germanic tongues in general; and Latin was reinforced by Greek.  Thus to imply, as is sometimes done, that modern English is simply a blend of Anglo-Saxon and Latin elements is misleading. Native and classic are the better terms to use, provided both are used broadly. Native must include not only Anglo-Saxon but the other Germanic elements as well, and classic must include French and Greek as well as Latin.