“May I ask, please, what these are?” said the disciple.

“They are,” he said, “dignity, indulgence, faithfulness, earnestness, kindness.  If you show dignity you will not be mocked; if you are indulgent you will win the multitude; if faithful, men will place their trust in you; if earnest, you will do something meritorious; and if kind, you will be enabled to avail yourself amply of men’s services.”

Pih Hih sent the Master an invitation, and he showed an inclination to go.

Tsz-lu (seeing this) said to him, “In former days, sir, I have heard you say, ’A superior man will not enter the society of one who does not that which is good in matters concerning himself’; and this man is in revolt, with Chung-man in his possession; if you go to him, how will the case stand?”

“Yes,” said the Master, “those are indeed my words; but is it not said, ‘What is hard may be rubbed without being made thin,’ and ’White may be stained without being made black’?—­I am surely not a gourd!  How am I to be strung up like that kind of thing—­and live without means?”

“Tsz-lu,” said the Master, “you have heard of the six words with their six obfuscations?”

“No,” said he, “not so far.”

“Sit down, and I will tell you them.  They are these six virtues, cared for without care for any study about them:—­philanthropy, wisdom, faithfulness, straightforwardness, courage, firmness.  And the six obfuscations resulting from not liking to learn about them are, respectively, these:—­fatuity, mental dissipation, mischievousness, perversity, insubordination, impetuosity.”

“My children,” said he once, “why does no one of you study the Odes?—­They are adapted to rouse the mind, to assist observation, to make people sociable, to arouse virtuous indignation.  They speak of duties near and far—­the duty of ministering to a parent, the duty of serving one’s prince; and it is from them that one becomes conversant with the names of many birds, and beasts, and plants, and trees.”

To his son Pih-yu he said, “Study you the Odes of Chow and the South, and those of Shau and the South.  The man who studies not these is, I should say, somewhat in the position of one who stands facing a wall!”

“‘Etiquette demands it.’  ‘Etiquette demands it,’ so people plead,” said he; “but do not these hankerings after jewels and silks indeed demand it?  Or it is, ‘The study of Music requires it’—­’Music requires it’; but do not these predilections for bells and drums require it?”

Again, “They who assume an outward appearance of severity, being inwardly weak, may be likened to low common men; nay, are they not somewhat like thieves that break through walls and steal?”

Again, “The plebeian kind of respect for piety is the very pest of virtue.”

Again, “Listening on the road, and repeating in the lane—­this is abandonment of virtue.”

“Ah, the low-minded creatures!” he exclaimed.  “How is it possible indeed to serve one’s prince in their company?  Before they have got what they wanted they are all anxiety to get it, and after they have got it they are all anxiety lest they should lose it; and while they are thus full of concern lest they should lose it, there is no length to which they will not go.”