is a spring, the water of which, always in front of the apartments in the rock, goes round among the rooms, now circling, now curving, till in this way it arrives at the lowest story, having followed the shape of the structure, and flows out there at the door.  Everywhere in the apartments of the monks, the rock has been pierced so as to form windows for the admission of light, so that they are all bright, without any being left in darkness.  At the four corners of the tiers of apartments, the rock has been hewn so as to form steps for ascending to the top of each.  The men of the present day, being of small size, and going up step by step, manage to get to the top; but in a former age they did so at one step.  Because of this, the monastery is called Paravata, that being the Indian name for a pigeon.  There are always Arhats residing in it.

The country about is a tract of uncultivated hillocks, without inhabitants.  At a very long distance from the hill there are villages, where the people all have bad and erroneous views, and do not know the Sramanas of the Law of Buddha, Brahmanas, or devotees of any of the other and different schools.  The people of that country are constantly seeing men on the wing, who come and enter this monastery.  On one occasion, when devotees of various countries came to perform their worship at it, the people of those villages said to them, “Why do you not fly?  The devotees whom we have seen hereabouts all fly”; and the strangers answered, on the spur of the moment, “Our wings are not yet fully formed.”

The kingdom of Dakshina is out of the way, and perilous to traverse.  There are difficulties in connection with the roads; but those who know how to manage such difficulties and wish to proceed should bring with them money and various articles, and give them to the king.  He will then send men to escort them.  These will, at different stages, pass them over to others, who will show them the shortest routes.  Fa-hien, however, was after all unable to go there; but having received the above accounts from men of the country, he has narrated them.

CHAPTER XXXVI

Fa-Hien’s Indian Studies

From Varanasi the travellers went back east to Pataliputtra.  Fa-hien’s original object had been to search for copies of the Vinaya.  In the various kingdoms of North India, however, he had found one master transmitting orally the rules to another, but no written copies which he could transcribe.  He had therefore travelled far and come on to Central India.  Here, in the mahayana monastery, he found a copy of the Vinaya, containing the Mahasanghika [1] rules—­those which were observed in the first Great Council, while Buddha was still in the world.  The original copy was handed down in the Jetavana vihara.  As to the other eighteen schools, each one has the views and decisions of its own masters.  Those agree with this in the general meaning, but they have small and trivial differences, as when one opens and another shuts.  This copy of the rules, however, is the most complete, with the fullest explanations. [2]