SOURCE: 'Al-Bīrūnī's Methodology and Its Sources," in Al-Brfinmn Commemorative Volume: Proceedings on the International Congress Held in Pakistan on the Occasion of Millenary of Abū Rāihān Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Bīrūnī(973 Ca 1051 A.D.) November 26, 1973 thru' December 12, 1973, edited by Hakim Mohammed Said, Hamdard National Foundation, 1979, pp. 594-604.

[In the essay that follows, originally presented at a 1973 conference, Qudsi contends that al-Bīrūnī primarily drew his scientific achievements from the two sources of knowledge named in the Qur'an—nature and history—and that he contributed to the transmission of scientific practices to modern Europe.]

Abū Raihān Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Bīrūnī was born in Khwārizm in 973. He died in 1048 A.D. at Ghaznah in Sijistān.¹

Professor F. Krenkow writes,

Though I am not quite as enthusiastic as Professor Sachau is stated to have been in calling him the...