The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
(c)1998-2002; (c)2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
All other sections in this Literature Study Guide are owned and copyrighted by BookRags, Inc.
Eric Kandel received the Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine in 2000 for his research on the neurological mechanisms of memory. With colleagues Arvid Carlsson and Paul Greengard, Kandel discovered the connections between varying synaptic functions and the physiology of learning and memory.
Born in Vienna, Austria, Kandel immigrated to the United States in 1939. In college, Kandel majored in literature and history. Opting for a career in the sciences, Kandel then studied medicine at New York University, earning his degree in 1956. After post-doctorial work in both the United States and France, Kandel held professorships at Harvard and New York University before moving his research to Columbia University. There he embarked on his prize-winning research and was founding director of the Center for Neurobiology and Behavior.
Over the course of two decades, Kandel researched brain function and learning on the cellular and molecular level. He centered his studies on the mechanisms of learning by observing the manner in which parts of the brain learn from, and adapt and respond to certain stimuli. Using the three basic modes of learning (sensitization, habituation, and conditioning), Kandel discovered that the brain reacted to the stimuli and showed evidence of actual physical change, as well manifesting behavioral change. Kandel identified that stimuli created changes in behavior by altering neural connections.
Furthering the idea of the connection between synaptic change and learning. Kandel endeavored to identify physiological differences between the creating of long-term and short-term memory. In his experiments on sea slugs, Kandel discovered that the brain's synapses produce different reactions to various stimuli. The nature of these chemical reactions dictates whether the experience is stored in short-term or long-term memory. In other words, varying levels of learning and memory are the result of subtlety different processes in the brain. While at first glance sea slugs may seem too distant a specimen to bear relevance on human medicine, such studies are foundational to developing research Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and traumatic head injuries. Increased understandings of the specific functions of neurotransmitters, the chemical processes of synapses and their role in memory, is the essential cornerstone for pharmacological and surgical treatment of neurological disorders and injuries.