The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
(c)1998-2002; (c)2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
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Clyde Lorrain Cowan was a physicist and educator who is best remembered for his work in uncovering the properties and proving the existence of neutrinos, a fundamental nuclear particle that is electrically neutral. After serving as a captain in the United States Army Air Forces in World War II, Cowan received his doctorate from Washington University in St. Louis in 1949. Cowan then went to work for the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory in the nuclear weapons test division.
With no charge and negligible mass, the neutrino is extremely difficult to detect. In 1951, Cowan began a productive collaboration with American physicist Frederick Reines (1918-1998) at Los Alamos, initially focusing on detecting neutrinos emitted from a nuclear explosion. Cowan and Reines soon realized, however, that nuclear reactors could provide a large neutrino flux of 103 neutrinos per square centimeter per second. In 1953, they decided to use the Hanford nuclear reactor, moving operations to the Savannah River nuclear reactor in 1955, primarily for safety considerations. The two scientists' success in detecting the rare neutrino capture event in a nuclear reaction created the exciting field of experimental neutrino physics.
Cowan joined the faculty at the Catholic University of America in 1958 as professor of physics. His work included pioneering techniques of particle detection in elementary particle physics, monitoring of low-level radioactivity, and the medical uses of radioactive isotopes. He was a fellow of the American Physical Society and a Guggenheim fellow, and he served as a consultant to the United States Atomic Energy Commission and the Smithsonian Institution. In 1995, Cowan's partner, Reines, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for their work. Because the award is not given posthumously, Cowan, who died in 1974, was not included.