W

Basic Latin alphabet
Aa Bb Cc Dd   Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv   Ww Xx Yy Zz

W is the twenty-third letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled double-u.^[1]

History

The earliest form of the letter W was a doubled V used in the 7th century by the earliest writers of Old English; it is from this <uu> digraph that the modern name "double U" comes. This digraph was not extensively used, as its sound was usually represented instead by the runic wynn (Ƿ), but W gained popularity after the Norman Conquest, and by 1300 it had taken wynn's place in common use. Other forms of the letter were a pair of Vs whose branches cross in the middle. An obsolete, cursive form found in the nineteenth century in both English and German was in the form of an "n" whose rightmost branch curved around as in a cursive "v" (compare the shape of ƕ). The sounds /w/ (spelled with U/V) and /b/ of Classical Latin developed into a bilabial fricative /β/ between vowels, in Early Medieval Latin. Therefore, V no longer represented adequately the labial-velar approximant sound /w/ of Old High German. In German, this phoneme /w/ later became /v/; this is why German W represents that sound. In Dutch, it became a labiodental approximant /ʋ/ (with the exception of words with EEUW, which have /eːw/), or other diphthongs containing -uw.

Usage

There are only five major European languages that use W in native words: English, German, Polish, Dutch, and Welsh. English uses it to represent /w/, German and Polish use it for the voiced labiodental fricative /v/ (with Polish using Ł for /w/), and Dutch uses it for /ʋ/. Unlike its use in other languages, the letter is used in Welsh to represent vowels as well as consonants. English also contains a number of words beginning with a silent w, before a (pronounced) r, remaining from usage in Anglo-Saxon in which the w was pronounced: wreak, wrap, wreck, wrench, wroth, wrinkle, etc. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, /w/ is used for the voiced labial-velar approximant, probably based on English. In the Finnish alphabet, "W" is seen as a variant of "V" and not a separate letter. It is however recognized and maintained in names, like "William". In the alphabets of modern Romance languages, it is not used either, except in foreign names and words recently borrowed (le week-end, il watt, el kiwi). When a spelling for /w/ in a native word is needed, a spelling from the native alphabet, such as V, U, or OU, can be used instead. The same was true in the Swedish and Danish alphabets until 2006 and 1980, respectively, when the letter was officially acknowledged as an individual letter. The equivalent representation of the /w/ sound in the Cyrillic alphabet is Ў, a letter unique to the Belarusian language. The Russians, however, use the Cyrillic character В, (/v/ the equivalent of V in the Latin alphabet), when transliterating "W". "Double U" is the only English letter name with more than one syllable, except for the occasionally used, though somewhat archaic,"œ" (its name is pronounced similar to "ethel"). This gives the nine-syllable initialism www the irony of being an abbreviation that takes three times as many syllables to say as the unabbreviated form. A few speakers therefore shorten the name "double u" into "dub" only, although this is rather rare and nonstandard; for example, University of Washington and University of Wyoming are both known colloquially as "U Dub", and the automobile company Volkswagen, abbreviated VW, is sometimes pronounced "V-Dub". In the Texas dialect of American English, the name is often condensed to two syllables rather than three, as in George W. Bush's nickname of "Dubya". In recent years, people with last names that begin with "W" frequently received a nickname consisting of their first initial combined with "dub." This may have been popularized by basketball players such as Chris Webber (C-Dub). The fact that many website URLs still require a "www." prefix has likewise given rise to a shortened version of the original, three-syllable pronunciation. There has been an increasing move away from the three-syllable pronunciation as a result; the "dub" pronunciation vies with a "wuh" or "wub" pronunciation. A third, and perhaps more phonetic, pronunciation 'wah' (/wɔ/) has begun to enter usage in certain literary circles, justified as being a more natural method of verbally expressing the letter. In Dutch, its name rhymes with that of the letter v, both being monosyllabic (fe/ve/we).

Codes for computing

Alternative representations of W

NATO phonetic		Morse code
Whiskey		·––
Signal flag	Flag semaphore	ASL Manual	Braille

In Unicode the capital W is codepoint U+0057 and the lowercase w is U+0077. The ASCII code for capital W is 87 and for lowercase w is 119; or in binary 01010111 and 01110111, correspondingly. The EBCDIC code for capital W is 230 and for lowercase w is 166. The numeric character references in HTML and XML are "&#87;" and "&#119;" for upper and lower case respectively.

See also

For other uses and meanings of the letter "W", see W (disambiguation). See also:

• National Association of W Lovers
• U
• V
• Wh (digraph)
• Wynn

References