The United Provinces of Central Italy, also known as Union of Central Italy, Confederation of Central Italy or Government General of Central Italy, was a short-lived client state of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. It is formed by an union of the former Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Duchy of Parma, Duchy of Modena, and the Papal Legations, after their monarchs were ousted by popular revolutions. Since August 1859, the pro-Sardinian regimes of Tuscany, Parma, Modena and the Papal Legations entered into a group of military treaties. On 7 November1859, they elected Eugenio Emanuele di Savoia-Carignano as their regent. However, King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia refused to endorse the election, and sent Carlo Boncompagni instead as the Governor General of Central Italy, who was responsible for the diplomatic and military affairs of the states. On 8 December1859, Parma, Modena and the Papal Legations were incorporated into the Royal Provinces of Emilia. After plebiscites were held in March 1860, the state was formally annexed to the Piedmont-Sardinia. In exchange for a French recognition, Savoy and Nice was ceded to France.
