Total Shareholder Return (TSR) is a concept used to compare the performance of different companies’ stocks and shares over time. It combines share price appreciation and dividends paid to show the total return to the shareholder. The absolute size of the TSR will vary with stock markets, but the relative position reflects the market perception of overall performance relative to a reference group. With <math>Price_{begin}</math> = share price at beginning of period, <math>Price_{end}</math> = share price at end of period, Dividends = dividends paid and TSR = Total Shareholder Return, TSR is computed as <math> TSR={(Price_{end} - Price_{begin} + Dividends)}/{Price_{begin}}</math>
