Theodora can refer to any of the following:
- Flavia Maximiana Theodora, daughter of the Roman Emperor Maximian and second wife of the Emperor Constantius I Chlorus.
- Theodora (6th century), Byzantine empress and wife of Justinian I, considered a saint by the Greek Orthodox Church
- Theodora (9th century), Byzantine empress in the 9th century
- Episcopa Theodora, mother of Pope Paschal I in the 10th century
- Theodora (10th century), Roman senatrix and mother of Marozia, concubine to Pope Sergius III.
- Theodora (11th century), Byzantine empress who ruled (1055-1056)
- Theodora Comnena, Queen of Jerusalem
- Theodora (oratorio) (HWV 68), an oratorio by George Frideric Handel
