It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into baud. ()
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with symbol rate. ()
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with modulation rate. ()
It has been suggested that significant condition be merged into this article or section. ()
In digital communications, a symbol is the smallest unit of data transmitted at one time. In the simplest modulation schemes such as binary phase-shift keying, only one bit of data (i.e., a 0 or 1) is transmitted at a time depending on the phase of the transmitted signal. However, in a more complex scheme such as 16-QAM, four bits of data are transmitted simultaneously, resulting in a symbol rate (or baud rate) that is equal to one quarter of the bit rate. The analog bandwidth required for communication depends only on the symbol rate (not the bit rate). The history of modems is the attempt at increasing the bit rate over a fixed bandwidth (and therefore a fixed maximum symbol rate), leading to increasing bits per symbol. For example, the V.29 specifies 4 bits per symbol, at a symbol rate of 2400baud, giving an effective bit rate of 9600 bits per second. The history of spread spectrum goes in the opposite direction, leading to fewer and fewer data bits per symbol in order to spread the bandwidth. In the case of GPS, we have a data rate of 50 bits/s and a symbol rate of 1.023 Mchips/s. If each chip is considered a symbol, each symbol contains far less than one bit ( 50 bit/s / 1023 Ksymbols/s =~= 0.000 05 bits/symbol ). The complete collection of M possible symbols over a particular channel is called a M-arymodulation scheme. Most modulation schemes transmit some integer number of bits per symbol b, requiring the complete collection to contain M = 2^b different symbols. Most popular modulation schemes can be described by showing each point on a constellation diagram, although a few modulation schemes (such as MFSK, DTMF, pulse-position modulation, spread spectrum modulation) require a different description.
