Sarugaku(猿楽), literally "monkey music," was a form of theatre popular in Japan during the 11th to 14th centuries. It originated from "sangaku," a form of entertainment reminiscent of the modern-day circus, consisting mostly of acrobatics, juggling, and pantomime, sometimes combined with drum dancing. It came from China to Japan in the 8th century and there mingled with indigenous traditions, particularly the harvest celebrations of dengaku. In the 11th century, the form began to favor comic sketches while other elements faded away. By the late 12th century, the term "sarugaku" had come to include comic dialogues based on word play (toben), improvised comic party dances (rambu), short plays involving several actors, and musical arrangements based on the courtesan tradition. During the 13th century, there was a general development toward standardization of words, gestures, musical arrangements, and program combinations, as well as the adoption of the guild (za) system to which all present-day Noh schools can be traced. Kyogen also developed from sarugaku. Of particular significance is the development of sarugaku troupes in Yamato around Nara and Kyoto during the Kamakura and early Muromachi periods. In particular, the sarugaku Noh troupe Yuzaki, led by Kan'ami, performed in 1374 before the young shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu. The success of this one performance and the resultant shogunal patronage lifted the artform permanently out of the mists of its plebian past. From then, the term sarugaku gave way to the current nomenclature, Noh. The Japanese term "Sarugaku" is also used in other contexts to refer to a job or profession that seems to debase the employee or to treat him or her as a source of entertainment rather than as a professional[1].
References
- Encyclopædia Britannica 2005 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD, article- "sarugaku"
- BigDaikon.com, message board post with use of "sarugaku" in modern context [2], (accessed May 14, 2006)
- Japan: An Illustrated Enclyclopedia, Kodansha Ltd. 1993
