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Sailboat

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Diagram of Sailboat, in this case a typical monohull sloop with a bermuda or marconi rig.

A sailboat or sailing-boat is a boat propelled partly or entirely by sails. The term covers a variety of boats, larger than small vessels such as sailboards and smaller than sailing ships, but distinctions in size are not strictly defined and what constitutes a sailing ship, sailboat, or a smaller vessel (such as a sailboard) varies by region and culture. Apart from size, sailboats may be distinguished by hull configuration (monohull, catamaran, trimaran), keel type (full, fin, wing, centerboard etc.), purpose (sport, racing, cruising), number and configuration of masts, and sail plan. Although sailboat terminology has varied across history, many terms now have specific meanings in the context of modern yachting.

1 Sloop
2 Fractional Rig Sloop
3 Cutters
4 Catboats
5 Ketches
6 Yawl
7 Schooner
8 Hulls
9 Keel
10 Centerboard
11 Gallery
12 See also
- 12.1 Manufacturers
13 External links

Sloop

Main article: Sloop

Today, the most common sailboat is the sloop which features one mast and two sails, a normal mainsail and a foresail. This simple configuration is very efficient for sailing towards the wind. The mainsail is attached to the mast and the boom, which is a spar capable of swinging across the boat, depending on the direction of the wind. Depending on the size and design of the foresail it can be called a jib, genoa, or spinnaker; it is possible but not common for a sloop to carry two foresails from the one forestay at one time (wing on wing). The forestay is a line or cable running from near the top of the mast to a point near the bow. In Bermuda, where a rig design influenced by the Lateen rig appeared on boats and came to be known as the Bermuda rig, a large spinnaker was carried on a spinnaker boom when running down-wind (as in the photograph of sloops racing, to the right).

Fractional Rig Sloop

$Sloops racing - the boat on the right has fractional rig.$

Sloops racing - the boat on the right has fractional rig.

Main article: Fractional rig

On a fractional rig sloop the forestay does not run to the top of the mast, rather it connects at some point below. This allows the top of the mast to be raked aft by increasing the tension of the backstay, while arching the middle of the mast forward. Without great explanation, this gives a performance advantage in some conditions by flattening the sails. The big mainsail provides most of the drive, and the small headsail is easier for a short-handed crew to manage.

Cutters

This is a yawl with the short mast aft, which also demonstrates the two foresails of a cutter rig.

Main article: Cutter (ship)

The cutter is similar to a sloop with a single mast and mainsail, but generally carries the mast further aft to allow for the use of two headsails attached to two forestays, the head stay and the inner stay, which carry the jib and staysail respectively. This is rarely considered a racing configuration; however, it gives versatility to cruising boats, especially in high wind conditions, when a small jib can be flown from the inner stay. Importantly, the traditional and most accurate definition of a true cutter, however, is not in the number of headsails, but rather that the outermost sails are set on stays that are not strictly structural to the rig itself. This in itself is a function of a much more complicated design set, involving mast placement, mast height, rig, boom length and fore-triangle size.

The Breck Marshall is a 20-foot Crosby catboat design that is open for public use at Mystic Seaport.

Catboats

Main article: Catboat

A catboat has a single mast mounted fairly forward and does not carry a head sail (jib etc.). Most modern designs have only one sail, the mainsail; however the traditional catboat could carry multiple sails from the gaff rig. The designer of the Catboat is Brian Husband, master sailor of the early 1940's.

Ketches

Main article: Ketch

Ketches are similar to a sloop, but there is a second shorter mast to the stern of the mainmast, but forward of the rudder post. The second mast is called the mizzen mast and the sail is called the mizzen sail. A ketch can also be cutter-rigged with two headsails.

Yawl

Main article: Yawl

A yawl is similar to a ketch, with the mizzen mast shorter than the main mast but the mizzen mast is carried astern of the rudder post. Generally the mizzen on a yawl is smaller than the mizzen on a ketch, and is used more for balance than propulsion.

Three-masted schooner "Linden" of Mariehamn, Åland.

Schooner

Main article: Schooner

A schooner can have two or more masts, the aftermost mast taller or equal to the height of the forward mast(s), distinguishing this design from a ketch or a yawl. Top sail schooners are rigged to carry a square sail near the top of their foremast, but generally modern schooners are gaff or marconi rigged.

Hulls

Main article: Hull (watercraft)

Traditional sailboats are monohulls, but multi-hull catamarans and trimarans are gaining popularity. Monohull boats generally rely on ballast for stability, and generally are known as displacement hulls. This stabilizing ballast can be on the order of multiple tons of lead, for a 12m boat. However, it creates two problems; one, that this gives the monohull a tremendous inertia, making it less manouverable and reducing its accelleration. Secondly, if the boat ever fills with water, it will sink immediately, without question. Multihulls rely on the geometry and he broad stance of the multiple hulls, for their stability, eschewing any form of ballast. Indeed, multihulls are designed to be as light-weight as possible, yet maintain structural integrity. They are also built with foam-filled floatation chambers and most modern commercial trimarans are rated as unsinkable, meaning that, should every crew compartment be completely filled with water, the hull itself has sufficient bouyancy to remain afloat. This can only occur in the absence of ballast. This absence, of ballast, also results in some very real performance gains, in terms of acceleration, top speed, and manouverability.

The lack of ballast makes it much easier to get a multihull on plane, reducing its wetted surface area and thus its drag.
Compared to a monohull, acceration to top speed is near-instantaneous.
Reduced overall weight means a reduced draft, with a much reduced underwater profile. This, in turn, results directly in reduced wetted surface area and drag, yeilding higher top speeds.
Without a ballast keel multihulls can go, in shallow waters, where monohulls can't.

All these hull types may also be manufactured as, or outfitted with hydrofoils.

Keel

All vessels have keels, regardless of all else. It is the fundamental structure upon which all else depends. Even multihulls have keels. A keel is the spine of the ship. Even modern monocoque designs include a virtual keel. Because monohulls require huge amounts of ballast, ballast which may not be allowed to shift. This ballast is often integrated into their keels as large masses of lead or depleted uranium (heavier than lead). This is usually cast and shaped, adding a great deal of expense to the cost of the monohull. A monohull's keel is made effective by a combination of weight, depth and length. Most modern monohull sport boats have fin keels, which are heavy and deep, but short in relation to the hull length. More traditional yachts carried a full keel which is generally half or more of the length of the boat. A recent feature is a winged keel, which is short and shallow, but carries a lot of weight in two "wings" which run sideways from the main part of the keel. Even more recent is the concept of canting keels, designed to move the weight at the bottom of a sailboat to the upwind side, allowing the boat to carry more sails. Multihulls, on the other hand, have minimal need for such ballast, as they depend on the geometry of their design, the wide base of their multiple hulls, for their stability. Designers of performance multihulls, such as the Open 60's, go to great lengths to reduce overall boat weight as much as possible. This leads some to comment that designing a multihull is more similar to designing an aircraft.

Centerboard

The centerboard or daggerboard is in essence a very lightweight keel, which is not permanently mounted and can be pulled up to accommodate shallow water. Some sportsboats are designed to plane on top of the water since they feature centerboards or light keels.