In photography and cinematography, a reflector is an improvised or specialised reflective surface used to redirect light towards a given subject or scene.
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Types
Apart from certain highly specialised components found in enlargers, projectors and scanners, photographic reflectors fall into two main groups:
Lamp reflectors
Similar to a domestic lampshade, these reflectors are fixed to an artificial light source (for example, a filament bulb or flash tube) to direct and shape the otherwise scattered light, reflecting it off their concave inner surfaces and directing it towards the scene to be photographed. Although there are a large number of variants, the commonest types are:
- spherical, short-sided, giving a relatively broad spread of light;
- parabolic, providing a tighter, parallel beam of light.
The reflector factor is the ratio of the illumination provided by a lamp fitted within a reflector to the illumination provided without any reflector fitted. A matte reflector will typically have a reflector factor of around 2, due to its more diffuse effect, while a polished or metallic-finished reflector may have a factor of up to 6[1].
Board reflectors
Also known as plane reflectors, "flats" or "bounce boards", this kind of reflector is located independent of a light source; the light is reflected off its surface, either to achieve a broader light source, or control shadows and highlights, or both. This kind of reflector generally has a very low reflectivity factor that varies widely according to surface texture and colour[2].
As a result, it is most commonly used to control contrast in both artificial and natural lighting, in place of a fill light or "kick" light. In this case, light "spilling" from the main ambient or key light illuminating a scene is reflected back into the scene with a varying degrees of precision and intensity, according to the chosen reflective surface and its position relative to the scene.
Reflectors may also be used as a means of increasing the size of the main light source, which may (or may not) retain a direct path to the scene. By positioning a board reflector close to a light source, its effective size can be increased by "bouncing" the light off it[3]. A very common example of this technique is the traditional umbrella reflector, typically having a gold, silver or matte white interior onto which a lamp fitted with a circular reflector is projected, providing a broad, soft illumination. The lamp faces away from the scene to be photographed, allowing only reflected light to be thrown forwards.
Techniques with board reflectors
Reflectors vary enormously in size, colour, reflectivity and portability. In tabletop still life photography, small mirrors and card stock are used extensively, both to reduce lighting contrast and create highlights on reflective subjects such as glassware and jewelry. Larger-scale subjects such as motor vehicles require the use of huge "flats", often requiring specialist motorised winches to position them accurately.
Location photography calls for much more portable materials and a large range of lightweight, folding refelctors are commercially available in a variety of colours.
Bounce lighting
Photographers make regular use of walls, ceilings and even entire rooms as reflectors, especially with the interior of buildings which may lack sufficient available light. Often known as "bounce flash" photography but equally common with tungsten lights in cinematography, the area to be photographed is lit by walls off-camera, which then provide illumination similar to that of a large window. When reflected or "bounced" off a ceiling, the lighting resembles that of fluorescent tubes. As this very broad, flat lighting is more typical of an overcast day outdoors, a more realistic interior illumination is achieved by reducing the power of additional lighting relative to the available light, so that either source may act as a fill to the other. Hence bounce lighting may provide either the primary or secondary (fill) light source, depending on its intensity.
Outdoor techniques
Walls also make ideal reflectors outdoors, reflecting sunlight back upon a subject and reducing shadows (and hence overall contrast) according to the colour, size and proximity of the wall. A more readily-available alternative is the portable, lightweight, collapsible reflector, commercially available in a range of sizes and colours, or improvised using a sheet of card stock or even a bed sheet. Stands may be erected to retain these refelctors, although it is often much more convenient and practical to have an assistant hold and manipulate them.
See also
References
- ^ Focal Encyclopedia of Photography, Leslie Stroebel, Richard D. Zakia, (Focal Press, 3rd edn.) p. 689
- ^ Focal Encyclopedia of Photography, Leslie Stroebel, Richard D. Zakia, (Focal Press, 3rd edn.) p. 60
- ^ http://www.dofmaster.com/courses/basic/photographycourse-23.html
