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The President of the Government of Spain (Spanish: Presidente del Gobierno), sometimes referred to in English as the Prime Minister of Spain, is the Spanish head of government. The President of the Government is elected by the Congress of Deputies (the lower house of parliament) on being proposed by the King (this step is a mere formality). The current office is established under the Constitution of 1978. It is presently occupied by José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero.
Official title
The Spanish head of government is known, in Spanish, as the Presidente del Gobierno. Literally translated, this title is "President of the Government" or alternatively "Chairman of the Government",[1] but nevertheless the office-holder is commonly referred to in English as the "prime minister": the usual term for the head of government in a constitutional monarchy. However the Spanish for 'prime minister' is primer ministro; thus, for example, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the Primer Ministro del Reino Unido, not the Presidente del Gobierno. In Spain the President of the Government is often called simply Presidente, meaning 'President'. More than once this has caused embarrassing errors among foreign authorities, such as mistaking Spain for a republic. For example Jeb Bush, the Governor of Florida, mistakenly referred to the head of government as the "President of the Spanish Republic" during a visit to Spain in 2003 [1]. The custom to name the head of government as "President" dates back from the reign of Isabella II of Spain, when the Prime Minister was called Presidente del Consejo de Ministros ("President of the Cabinet"). Before 1833 the figure was known as Secretario de Estado ("Secretary of State"), a denomination used today for junior ministers.
Election
The President of the Government is not directly elected by the people but indirectly elected by the legislature. Following legislative elections, which take place every four years, the leader of the majority party, or the leader of the majority coalition, is usually proposed as President of the Government by the King and elected by the Congress of Deputies. The First Vice President of the Government (or First Deputy Prime Minister) is appointed by the King on the proposal of the President.
Secretarios del Despacho Universal (1705-1734)
Kingdom of Spain (1705-1734)
- Pedro Fernández del Campo y Angulo, marqués de Mejorada (11 July 1705 - 15 April 1714)
- Manuel de Vadillo y Velasco (15 April - 30 November 1714)
- José de Grimaldo y Gutiérrez de Solorzano, marqués de Grimaldo (30 November 1714 - 14 January 1724) (1st time)
- Juan Bautista Orendayn y Azpilcueta (14 January - 4 September 1724) (1st time)
- José de Grimaldo y Gutiérrez de Solorzano, marqués de Grimaldo (4 September 1724 - 12 December 1725) (2nd time)
- Juan Guillermo Ripperda, barón de Ripperda (12 December 1725 - 14 April 1726)
- José de Grimaldo y Gutiérrez de Solorzano, marqués de Grimaldo (14 April - 1 October 1726) (3rd time)
- Juan Bautista Orendayn y Azpilcueta, marqués de la Paz (1 October 1726 - 21 November 1734) (2nd time)
First Secretaries of State (1734-1834)
Kingdom of Spain (1734-1834)
- José de Patiño y Rosales (21 November 1734 - 26 November 1736)
- Sebastián de la Cuadra y Llerena, marqués de Villarias (26 November 1736 - 4 December 1746)
- José de Carvajal y Lancaster (4 December 1746 - 9 April 1754)
- Fernando de Silva y Álvarez de Toledo, duque de Huéscar (9 April - 15 May 1754) (acting)
- Ricardo Wall y Devreux (15 May 1754 - 9 October 1763)
- Pablo Jerónimo de Grimaldi y Pallavicini, marqués de Grimaldi (9 October 1763 - 19 February 1777)
- José Moñino y Redondo, conde de Floridablanca (19 February 1777 - 28 February 1792)
- Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea y Ximénez de Urrea, conde de Aranda (28 February - 15 November 1792) (acting)
- Manuel Godoy y Álvarez de Faria, duque de Alcudia (15 November 1792 - 30 March 1798) (from 27 September 1795, príncipe de la Paz)
- Francisco de Saavedra y Sangronis (30 March 1798 - 21 February 1799) (acting to 6 September 1798)
- Maríano Luis de Urquijo y Muga (12 February 1799 - 13 December 1800 (1st time, acting)
- Pedro Cevallos Guerra (13 December 1800 - 3 March 1808) (1st time)
- Gonzalo O'Farrill y Herrera (3 March - 19 March 1808) (acting)
- Pedro Cevallos Guerra (19 March - 7 July 1808) (2nd time)
- Maríano Luis de Urquijo y Muga (7 July 1808 - 27 June 1813) (2nd time)
- Juan O'Donoju O'Ryan (10 October - 17 October 1813) (acting)
- Fernando de Laserna (17 October - 3 December 1813) (acting)
- José Luyando (3 December 1813 - 4 May 1814) (1st time, acting)
- José Miguel de Carvajal Vargas y Manrique, duque de San Carlos (4 May - 15 November 1814)
- Pedro Cevallos Guerra (15 November 1814 - 24 January 1816) (3rd time)
- Juan Esteban Lozano de Torres (24 January - 26 January 1816)
- Pedro Cevallos Guerra (26 January - 30 October 1816) (4th time)
- José García de León y Pizarro (30 October 1816 - 14 September 1818)
- Carlos Fernando Martínez de Irujo y Tacón, marqués de Casa Irujo (14 September 1818 - 12 June 1819) (1st time, acting)
- Manuel González Salmón y Gómez de Torres (12 June - 12 September 1819) (1st time, acting)
- Joaquín José Melgarejo y Saurín, duque de San Fernando de Quiroga (12 September 1819 - 18 March 1820)
- Juan Jabat Aztal (18 March 1820) (acting)
- Evaristo Pérez de Castro Brito (18 March 1820 - 2 March 1821)
- Joaquín Anduaga Cuenca (2 March - 23 April 1821) (acting)
- Francisco de Paula Escudero (23 April 1821) (acting)
- Eusebio Bardají y Azara (23 April 1821 - 8 January 1822)
- Ramón López Pelegrín (8 January - 24 January 1822) (1st time, acting)
- José Gabriel de Silva y Bazán, marqués de Santa Cruz (24 January - 30 January 1822)
- Ramón López Pelegrín (30 January - 28 February 1822) (acting)
- Francisco Martínez de la Rosa (28 February - 5 August 1822)
- Evaristo Fernández San Miguel y Valledor (5 August 1822 - 25 April 1823) (acting from 28 February 1823)
- José Manuel Vadillo (25 April - 7 May 1823) (acting)
- Santiago Usoz y Mozi (7 May - 13 May 1823) (acting)
- José María Pando de la Riva y Ramírez de Laredo (13 May - 29 August 1823)
- Luis María de Salazar y Salazar (29 August - 4 September 1823) (1st time, acting)
- Juan Antonio Yandiola Garay (4 September - 6 September 1823) (acting)
- José Luyando (6 September - 1 October 1823) (2nd time)
- Víctor Damián Sáez y Sánchez-Mayor (25 April - 2 December 1823) (acting to 7 August 1823, counter-government to 1 October 1823)
- Carlos Fernando Martínez de Irujo y Tacón, marqués de Casa Irujo (2 December 1823 - 18 January 1824) (2nd time)
- Narciso de Heredia y Begines de los Ríos, conde de Ofalia (18 January - 11 July 1824)
- Luis María de Salazar y Salazar (11 July 1824) (2nd time, acting)
- Francisco Cea Bermúdez (11 July 1824 - 24 October 1825) (1st time)
- Pedro Alcántara de Toledo y Salm-Salm, duque del Infantado (24 October 1825 - 19 August 1826)
- Manuel González Salmón y Gómez de Torres (19 August 1826 - 20 January 1832) (2nd time, acting to 15 October 1830)
- Francisco Tadeo Calomarde y Arria (20 January - 22 February 1832) (acting)
- Antonio de Saavedra y Frígola, conde de Alcudia (22 February - 1 October 1832) (acting)
- José Cafranga Costilla (1 October - 29 November 1832) (acting)
- Francisco Cea Bermúdez (29 November 1832 - 15 January 1834) (2nd time)
Prime Ministers (Presidents of the Council of Ministers, 1834-Present)
Kingdom of Spain (1834-1873)
- Francisco Martínez de la Rosa (15 January 1834 - 7 June 1835)
- José María Queipo de Llano Ruiz de Saravia, conde de Toreno (7 June - 14 September 1835)
- Miguel Ricardo de Álava Esquivel (14 September - 25 September 1835)
- Juan Álvarez Mendizabal (25 September 1835 - 15 May 1836) (acting)
- Francisco Javier Isturiz y Montero (15 May - 14 August 1836) (1st time)
- José María Calatrava (14 August 1836 - 18 August 1837)
- Baldomero Espartero, conde de Luchana (18 August - 18 October 1837) (1st time)
- Eusebio Bardají y Azara (18 October - 16 December 1837)
- Narciso de Heredia y Begines de los Ríos, conde de Ofalia (16 December 1837 - 6 September 1838)
- Bernardino Fernández de Velasco, duque de Frías (6 September - 9 December 1838)
- Isidro Alaix (9 December 1838) (acting)
- Evaristo Pérez de Castro Brito (9 December 1838 - 18 July 1840)
- Antonio González y González (20 July - 12 August 1840) (1st time)
- Valentín Ferraz y Barrau (12 August - 28 August 1840)
- Modesto Cortazar (29 August - 11 September 1840) (acting)
- Vicente Sancho (11 September - 16 September 1840)
- Baldomero Espartero, duque de la Victoria (16 September 1840 - 10 May 1841) (2nd time)
- Joaquín María Ferrer Cafranga (10 May - 20 May 1841)
- Antonio González y González (20 May 1841 - 17 June 1842) (2nd time)
- José Ramón Rodil y Gallosa, marqués de Rodil (17 June 1842 - 9 May 1843)
- Joaquín María López (9 May - 19 May 1843) (1st time)
- Álvaro Gómez Becerra (19 May - 23 July 1843)
- Joaquín María López (23 July - 20 November 1843) (2nd time)
- Salustiano Olozaga (20 November - 5 December 1843)
- Luis González Bravo (5 December 1843 - 3 May 1844) (1st time)
- Ramón María Narváez, duque de Valencia (3 May 1844 - 12 February 1846) (1st time)
- Manuel Pando Fernández de Pinedo, marqués de Miraflores (12 February - 16 March 1846) (1st time)
- Ramón María Narváez, duque de Valencia (16 March - 5 April 1846) (2nd time)
- Francisco Javier Isturiz y Montero (5 April 1846 - 28 January 1847) (2nd time)
- Carlos Martínez de Irujo, marqués de Casa Irujo, duque de Sotomayor (28 January - 28 March 1847)
- Joaquín Francisco Pacheco y Gutiérrez Calderón (28 March - 31 August 1847)
- José de Salamanca y Mayol (31 August - 12 September 1847)
- Florencio García Goyena (12 September - 4 October 1847)
- Ramón María Narváez, duque de Valencia (4 October 1847 - 19 October 1849) (3nd time)
- Serafín María de Sotto, conde de Clonard (19 October - 20 October 1849)
- Ramón María Narváez, duque de Valencia (20 October 1849 - 14 January 1850) (4th time)
- Juan Bravo Murillo (14 January 1850 - 14 December 1852)
- Federico Roncali, conde de Alcoy (14 December 1852 - 14 April 1853)
- Francisco de Lersundi y Ormaechea (14 April - 19 September 1853)
- Luis José Sartorius, conde de San Luis (19 September 1853 - 17 July 1854)
- Fernando Fernández de Córdoba (17 July - 18 July 1854) (1st time)
- Ángel de Saavedra y Ramírez de Baquedano, duque de Rivas (18 July - 19 July 1854)
- Baldomero Espartero, duque de la Victoria (19 July 1854 - 14 July 1856) (3rd time)
- Leopoldo O'Donnell y Jorris (14 July - 12 October 1856) (1st time)
- Ramón María Narváez, duque de Valencia (12 October 1856 - 15 October 1857) (5th time)
- Francisco Armero y Peñaranda, marqués de Nervión (15 October 1857 - 14 January 1858)
- Francisco Javier Isturiz y Montero (14 January - 30 June 1858) (3rd time)
- Leopoldo O'Donnell y Jorris (30 June 1858 - 2 March 1863) (2nd time)
- Manuel Pando Fernández de Pinedo, marqués de Miraflores (2 March 1863 - 17 January 1864) (2nd time)
- Lorenzo Arrazola García (17 January - 1 March 1864)
- Alejandro Mon Menéndez (1 March - 16 September 1864)
- Ramón María Narváez, duque de Valencia (16 September 1864 - 21 June 1865) (6th time)
- Leopoldo O'Donnell y Jorris (21 June 1865 - 10 July 1866) (3rd time)
- Ramón María Narváez, duque de Valencia (10 July 1866 - 23 April 1868) (7th time)
- Luis González Bravo (23 April - 19 September 1868) (2nd time)
- José Gutiérrez de la Concha (19 September - 30 September 1868)
Spanish Revolution of 1868
- Pascual Madoz Ibáñez (30 September - 3 October 1868) (acting)
- Francisco Serrano y Domínguez, duque de la Torre, conde de San Antonio (3 October 1868 - 18 June 1869) (1st time)
- General Juan Prim y Prats, marqués de los Castillejos, conde de Reus, vizconde del Bruch (18 June 1869 - 27 December 1870)
- Juan Bautista Topete y Carballo (27 December 1870 - 4 January 1871) (1st time, acting)
- Francisco Serrano y Domínguez, duque de la Torre, conde de San Antonio (4 January - 24 July 1871) (2nd time)
- Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla (24 July - 5 October 1871)
- José Malcampo y Monge, marqués de San Rafael, conde de Jolo (5 October - 21 December 1871)
- Práxedes Mateo Sagasta (12 December 1871 - 26 May 1872) (1st time)
- Juan Bautista Topete y Carballo (26 May - 4 June 1872) (2nd time, acting)
- Francisco Serrano y Domínguez, duque de la Torre, conde de San Antonio (4 June - 13 June 1872) (3nd time)
- Fernando Fernández de Córdoba (13 June - 16 June 1872) (2nd time, acting)
- Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla (16 June 1872 - 12 February 1873) (2nd time)
First Spanish Republic (1873-1874) (also named Provisional Government)
- Estanislao Figueras y Moragas (12 February - 11 June 1873)
- Francisco Pi y Margall (11 June - 18 July 1873)
- Nicolás Salmerón Alonso (18 July - 7 September 1873)
- Emilio Castelar y Ripoll (7 September 1873 - 4 January 1874)
- Francisco Serrano y Domínguez, duque de la Torre, conde de San Antonio (4 January - 26 February 1874) (4th time)
- Juan de Zavala y de la Puente, conde de Paredes de Nava, marqués de Sierra Bullones (16 February - 3 September 1874)
- Práxedes Mateo Sagasta (3 September - 30 December 1874) (2nd time)
Kingdom of Spain Restored (1874-1931)
- Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (31 December 1874 - 12 September 1875) (1st time)
- Joaquín Jovellar y Soler (12 September - 2 December 1875)
- Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (2 December 1875 - 7 March 1879) (2nd time)
- Arsenio Martínez Campos (7 March - 9 December 1879)
- Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (9 December 1879 - 8 February 1881) (3rd time)
- Práxedes Mateo Sagasta (8 February 1881 - 13 October 1883) (3rd time)
- José Posada Herrera (13 October 1883 - 18 January 1884)
- Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (18 January 1884 - 27 November 1885) (4th time)
- Práxedes Mateo Sagasta (27 November 1885 - 5 July 1890) (4th time)
- Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (5 July 1890 - 11 December 1892) (5th time)
- Práxedes Mateo Sagasta (11 December 1892 - 23 March 1895) (5th time)
- Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (23 March 1895 - 8 August 1897) (6th time)
- Marcelo de Azcárraga y Palmero (8 August - 4 October 1897) (1st time, acting to 21 August 1897)
- Práxedes Mateo Sagasta (4 October 1897 - 4 March 1899) (6th time)
- Francisco Silvela y de le Vielleuze (4 March 1899 - 23 October 1900) (1st time)
- Marcelo de Azcárraga y Palmero (23 October 1900 - 6 March 1901) (2nd time)
- Práxedes Mateo Sagasta (6 March 1901 - 6 December 1902) (7th time)
- Francisco Silvela y de le Vielleuze (6 December 1902 - 20 July 1903) (2nd time)
- Raimundo Fernández Villaverde (20 July - 5 December 1903) (1st time)
- Antonio Maura y Montaner (5 December 1903 - 16 December 1904) (1st time)
- Marcelo de Azcárraga y Palmero (16 December 1904 - 27 January 1905) (3rd time)
- Raimundo Fernández Villaverde (27 January - 23 June 1905) (2nd time)
- Eugenio Montero Ríos (23 June - 1 December 1905)
- Segismundo Moret y Prendergast (1 December 1905 - 6 July 1906) (1st time)
- José López Domínguez (6 July - 30 November 1906)
- Segismundo Moret y Prendergast (30 November - 4 December 1906) (2nd time)
- Antonio González de Aguilar y Correa, marqués de la Vega de Armijo (4 December 1906 - 25 January 1907)
- Antonio Maura y Montaner (25 January 1907 - 21 October 1909) (2nd time)
- Segismundo Moret y Prendergast (21 October 1909 - 9 February 1910) (3rd time)
- José Canalejas y Méndez (9 February 1910 - 12 November 1912)
- Manuel García Prieto, marqués de Alhucemas (12 November - 14 November 1912) (1st time, acting)
- Álvaro Figueroa y Torres Mendieta, conde de Romanones (14 November 1912 - 27 October 1913) (1st time)
- Eduardo Dato e Iradier (27 October 1913 - 9 December 1915) (1st time)
- Álvaro Figueroa y Torres Mendieta, conde de Romanones (9 December 1915 - 19 April 1917) (2nd time)
- Manuel García Prieto, marqués de Alhucemas (19 April - 11 June 1917) (2nd time)
- Eduardo Dato e Iradier (11 June - 3 November 1917) (2nd time)
- Manuel García Prieto, marqués de Alhucemas (3 November 1917 - 22 March 1918) (3rd time)
- Antonio Maura y Montaner (22 March - 9 November 1918) (3rd time)
- Manuel García Prieto, marqués de Alhucemas (9 November - 5 December 1918) (4th time)
- Álvaro Figueroa y Torres Mendieta, conde de Romanones (5 December 1918 - 15 April 1919) (3rd time)
- Antonio Maura y Montaner (15 April - 20 July 1919) (4th time)
- Joaquín Sánchez de Toca Calvo (20 July - 12 December 1919)
- Manuel Allendesalazar (12 December 1919 - 5 May 1920) (1st time)
- Eduardo Dato e Iradier (5 May 1920 - 8 March 1921) (3rd time)
- Gabino Bugallal Araujo, conde de Bugallal (8 March - 13 March 1921)
- Manuel Allendesalazar (13 March - 14 August 1921) (2nd time)
- Antonio Maura y Montaner (14 August 1921 - 8 March 1922) (5th time)
- José Sánchez Guerra y Martínez (8 March - 7 December 1922)
- Manuel García Prieto, marqués de Alhucemas (7 December 1922 - 15 September 1923) (5th time)
- General Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja, marqués de Estella y (from 1925) de Ajdir (15 September 1923 - 30 January 1930) (President of the Military Directory to 3 December 1925)
- Dámaso Berenguer, conde de Xauén (30 January 1930 - 18 February 1931)
- Juan Bautista Aznar-Cabañas (18 February - 14 April 1931)
Second Spanish Republic (1931-1939)
- Niceto Alcalá-Zamora y Torres (14 April - 14 October 1931)
- Manuel Azaña Díaz (14 October 1931 - 12 September 1933) (1st time)
- Alejandro Lerroux García (12 September - 8 October 1933) (1st time)
- Diego Martínez Barrio (8 October - 16 December 1933) (1st time)
- Alejandro Lerroux García (16 December 1933 - 28 April 1934) (2nd time)
- Ricardo Samper Ibáñez (28 April - 4 October 1934)
- Alejandro Lerroux García (4 October 1934 - 25 September 1935) (3rd time)
- Joaquín Chapaprieta Torregrosa (25 September - 14 December 1935)
- Manuel Portela Valladares (14 December 1935 - 19 February 1936)
- Manuel Azaña Díaz (19 February - 10 May 1936) (2nd time)
- Augusto Barcía Trelles (10 May - 13 May 1936) (interim)
- Santiago Casares Quiroga (13 May - 19 July 1936)
- Diego Martínez Barrio (19 July 1936) (2nd time)
- José Giral Pereira (19 July - 4 September 1936)
- Francisco Largo Caballero (4 September 1936 - 17 May 1937)
- Juan Negrín López (17 May 1937 - 31 March 1939)
Heads of Government of the Nationalist Zone (Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939)
- Fidel Dávila Arrondo (3 October 1936 - 3 June 1937)
- Francisco Gómez Jordana (3 June 1937 - 31 January 1938)
- Generalísimo Francisco Franco y Bahamonde (31 January 1938 - 31 March 1939)
Heads of Government of the Spanish State (1939-1975)
- Generalísimo Francisco Franco y Bahamonde (31 March 1939 - 8 June 1973)
- Admiral Luis Carrero Blanco (8 June - 20 December 1973)
- Torcuato Fernández Miranda (20 December 1973 - 2 January 1974) (acting)
- Carlos Arias Navarro (2 January 1974 - 1 July 1976)
- Fernando de Santiago y Díaz de Mendivil (1 July - 5 July 1976) (acting)
Kingdom of Spain Restored (1975-Present)
- Adolfo Suárez González (5 July 1976 - 25 February 1981)
- Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo y Bustelo (25 February 1981 - 2 December 1982)
- Felipe González Márquez (2 December 1982 - 5 May 1996)
- José María Aznar López (5 May 1996 - 17 April 2004)
- José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (17 April 2004 - Present)
See also
- History of Spain
- Politics of Spain
- List of Presidents of the Government (Spain)
- List of Spanish monarchs
References
- ^ The Oxford Spanish Dictionary and Grammar, ed. C.Lea et al., 2nd ed.(2001)
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