Piper Cherokee

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This article refers to Piper's PA-28 series of two- and four-seat aircraft. For the PA-32 six-seat series, see the Piper Cherokee Six article.

PA-28 Series

Piper PA-28-236
Type	Civil utility aircraft
Manufacturer	Piper Aircraft
Introduced	1960

PA-28-151, built in 1976

The Piper PA-28 Cherokee is a family of aircraft models, the first of which received its type certificate from the FAA in 1960. The series is still being built by Piper Aircraft in 2007. All members of the Piper Cherokee family are all-metal, unpressurized, four-seat, single-engine piston-powered airplanes with low-mounted wings and tricycle landing gear. All Cherokees have a single door on the co-pilot side, which is entered by stepping on the wing. The Cherokees are popular trainers. The Cherokee's main competitors historically have been the Cessna 172, the Grumman American AA-5 series and the Beechcraft Musketeer.

Piper has created variations within the Cherokee family by installing engines ranging from 140 to 300 horsepower, providing turbocharging, offering fixed or retractable landing gear, fixed-pitch or constant-speed propellers, and stretching the fuselage to accommodate 6 people.

History

At the time of the Cherokee's introduction, Piper's primary single-engine, all-metal aircraft was the Piper PA-24 Comanche, a larger, faster aircraft with retractable landing gear and a constant-speed propeller. Karl Bergey^[1], Fred Weick and John Thorp designed the Cherokee as a less expensive alternative to the Comanche, with lower manufacturing and parts costs (though some later Cherokees also featured retractable gear and a constant-speed propeller), to compete with the Cessna 172. The Cherokee and Comanche lines continued in parallel production serving different market segments for over a decade, until Comanche production was ended in 1972, to be replaced by the Piper PA-32R family.

PA-28-150 Cherokee 150 and PA-28-160 Cherokee 160

The PA-28-161 Warrior II flying in the livery of the Singapore Youth Flying Club. The Warrior II is still widely used in basic flying training worldwide.

The original Cherokees were the Cherokee 150 and Cherokee 160 (PA-28-150 and PA-28-160), which started production in 1961 (unless otherwise mentioned, the model number always refers to horsepower). The current Warrior model is the descendant of the Cherokee 160. In 1962, Piper added the Cherokee 180 (PA-28-180) powered by a 180 horsepower (134 kW) Lycoming O-360 engine. The extra power made it practical to fly with all four seats filled and the model remains very popular on the used-airplane market. The current Archer model is the descendant of the Cherokee 180.

PA-28-235

Piper continued to expand the line rapidly: in 1963, the company introduced the even more powerful Cherokee 235 (PA-28-235), which competed favorably with the Cessna 182 for load-carrying capability. The Cherokee 235 featured a Lycoming O-540 engine derated to 235 horsepower and a longer wing which would eventually be used for the upcoming Cherokee Six. It included tip tanks having 17 gallon capacity each, bringing the total fuel capacity of the Cherokee 235 to 84 gallons.

PA-28-140 Cherokee 140

In 1964, the company filled in the bottom end of the line with the Cherokee 140 (PA-28-140), which was designed for training and initially shipped with only two seats. One source of confusion is the fact that the PA-28-140 was slightly modified shortly after its introduction to produce 150 horsepower (112 kW), but kept the -140 name. In 1965, Piper produced the Piper Cherokee Six, designated the PA-32, which featured a stretched fuselage and seating for one pilot and five passengers.

PA-28R-180 and PA-28R-200 Arrow

Piper PA-28R-200 Cherokee Arrow showing the landing gear doors of this retractable gear model

In 1967, Piper introduced the PA-28R-180 Cherokee Arrow. This aircraft featured a constant-speed propeller and retractable landing gear and was powered by a 180 horsepower (134 kW) Lycoming O-360 engine. The engine was upgraded to 200 horsepower (149 kW) in 1969 and the designation was changed to PA-28R-200. At the time the Arrow was introduced, Piper removed the Cherokee 150 and Cherokee 160 from production. In 1968, the cockpit was modified to replace the "push-pull" style engine controls with levers. In addition, a third window was added to each side, giving the fuselage the more modern look seen in current production.

PA-28-140 Cherokee Cruiser 2+2

PA-28-140, built 1966

In 1971, Piper released a Cherokee 140 variant called the Cherokee Cruiser 2+2; although the plane kept the 140 designation, it was, in fact, a 150 horsepower plane (112 kW), and shipped mainly as a four-seat version. In 1973, the Cherokee 180 was named the Cherokee Challenger, and had its fuselage lengthened slightly and its wings widened, and the Cherokee 235 was named the Charger with similar airframe modifications. In 1974, Piper fiddled with the names again, renaming the Cruiser 2+2 (140) to simply Cruiser, the Challenger to Archer (PA-28-181), and the Charger (235) to Pathfinder.

PA-28-151 Cherokee Warrior

Piper reintroduced the Cherokee 150 in 1974, renaming it the Cherokee Warrior (PA-28-151) and giving it the Archer's stretched body and a new, semitapered wing.

PA-28-236 Dakota

In 1977, Piper stopped producing the Cruiser (140) and Pathfinder (235), but introduced a new 235 horsepower (175 kW) plane, the Dakota (PA-28-236), based on the Cherokee 235, Charger, Pathfinder models but with the new semi-tapered wing.

PA-28-201T Turbo Dakota

A 200 horsepower (149 kW) Turbo Dakota (PA-28-201T) briefly followed the introduction of the PA-28-236 Dakota but did not sell well and soon stopped production.

PA-28-161 Cherokee Warrior II

In 1978, Piper upgraded the Warrior to 160 horsepower (119 kW) PA-28-161, changing its name to Cherokee Warrior II.

Brasilian production

The PA-28 was also built under licence in Brazil as the Embraer EMB-711 Corisco (PA-28R-200), EMB-711T Corisco Turbo (PA-28R-200T), and the EMB-712 Tupi (PA-28-181).

New Piper Aircraft

The original Piper Aircraft company declared bankruptcy in 1991. In 1995, The New Piper Aircraft company was created, then renamed in 2006 back to Piper Aircraft. Currently, it produces three PA-28 Cherokee variants: the 160 horsepower (119 kW) Warrior III (PA-28-161), the 180 horsepower (134 kW) Archer III (PA-28-181), and the 200 horsepower (149 kW) retractable Arrow (PA-28R-200), which also comes in a turbocharged version (PA-28R-200T). The original Cherokee Six is also available in four models, the fixed gear Piper 6X and 6XT and the retractable gear Saratoga II HP and TC. All are now available with Avidyne FlightMax glass cockpits, like many new general aviation aircraft.

Design Features

Wing design

Originally, all Cherokees had a constant-chord rectangular planform wing popularly called the Hershey Bar wing because of its resemblance to the flat candy bar. Beginning with the Warrior in 1974, Piper switched to a tapered wing with the NACA 652-415 profile and a two foot longer wingspan. Both Cherokee wing variants have an angled wing root; i.e., the wing leading edge is swept forward as it nears the fuselage body, rather than meeting the body at a perpendicular angle. Debating the relative merits of these two wing designs is a popular pastime among Piper pilots, including claims by each wing's supporters that the wing has better performance in different phases of flight; in fact, the documented takeoff distance, cruise speed, and landing distance of Cherokees of the same horsepower with different wing types is very similar, and some of the differences that do exist in later, taper-wing models can be attributed to better fairings and seals rather than the different wing design.

Flight controls and flaps

For the Cherokee family Piper used their traditional flight control configuration. The horizontal tail is a stabilator with an anti-servo tab (sometimes termed an anti-balance tab). The anti-servo tab moves in the same direction of the stabilator movement, making pitch control "heavier" as the stabilator moves out of the trimmed position. Flaps can extend up to 40º, but are considerably smaller, and arguably less effective, than the flaps on a Cessna 172. Normally, 25º flaps are used for a short- or soft-field takeoff. The ailerons, flaps, stabilator, and stabilator trim are all controlled using cables and pulleys. In the cockpit, all Cherokees use control yokes rather than sticks, together with rudder pedals. The pilot operates the flaps manually using a large lever located between the front seats: for zero degrees the lever is flat against the floor and is pulled up to select the detent positions of 10º, 25º and 40º. The flaps can also be manually held at an angle slightly exceeding the 40º available in the last detent. Older Cherokees use an overhead crank for stabilator trim (correctly called an anti servo-tab), while later ones use a trim wheel on the floor between the front seats, immediately behind the flap bar. All Cherokees have a brake lever under the pilot side of the panel. Differential toe brakes on the rudder pedals were an optional add-on for earlier Cherokees, and became standard with later models. Some earlier Cherokees used control knobs for the throttle, mixture, and propeller advance (where applicable), while later Cherokees use a collection of two or three control levers in a throttle quadrant. Cherokees normally include a rudder trim knob, which actually controls a set of springs acting on the rudder pedals rather than an external trim tab on the rudder — in other words, the surface is trimmed by control tension rather than aerodynamically.

Specifications (PA-28-161 Warrior II, 1982-)

V speeds

Where a single speed appears, it is applicable to the aircraft at maximum gross weight (2440 lb/1107kg). Where a range appears, the lower speed is applicable at empty weight (1531 lb/694 kg) and the higher speed is applicable at maximum gross weight.

V_R (no flaps, rotation): 45-55 kias (83-102 km/h)
V_R (25° flaps, rotation): 40-52 kias (74-96 km/h)
V_X (no flaps, best angle of climb): 63 kias (117 km/h)
V_X (25° flaps, best angle of climb): 44-57 kias (82-106 km/h)
V_Y (best rate of climb): 79 kias (146 km/h)
V_A (maneuvering): 88-111 kias (163-206 km/h)
V_NO (max cruise): 126 kias (233 km/h)
V_NE (never exceed): 160 kias (296 km/h)
V_FE (flaps extended): 103 kias (191 km/h)
V_REF (no flaps, approach): 70 kias (130 km/h)
V_REF (40° flaps, approach): 63 kias (117 km/h)(2440 lb/1107kg)
V_S (stall, clean): 50 kias (93 km/h)
V_S0 (stall, dirty): 44 kias (82 km/h)
V_G (best glide): 73 kias (135 km/h)

General characteristics

Crew: One, (co-Pilot, Optional)
Capacity: 3 passengers
Length: 23 ft 10 in (7.3 m)
Wingspan: 35 ft 0 in (10.7 m)
Height: 7 ft 4 in (2.2 m)
Wing area: 170 ft² (15.8 m²)
Empty weight: 1,500 lb (680 kg)
Max takeoff weight: 2,440 lb (1,107 kg)
Powerplant: 1× Lycoming O-320-D3G air-cooled piston engine, 160 hp (120 kW)
Fuel Capacity: 50 US gallons (189 liters) total, 48 US gallons (182 liters) usable

No-fuel Useful Load: 940 lb (426 kg)
Full-fuel Useful Load: 653 lb (296 kg)

Performance

Cruise speed: 115 kt (213 km/h) true airspeed at 8,000 ft (2,438 m) density altitude, 2,300 lb (1,043 kg) gross weight, 75% power (Although the PIM states that 75% power cannot be attained above 7,000 ft density altitude).
Range: 513 nm (950 km) at best economy mixture, 75% power, no reserve, 8,000 ft (2,438 m) density altitude, 2,300 lb (1,043 kg) gross weight, no wind
Service ceiling 11,000 ft (3,350 m)
Rate of climb: 640 ft/min (3.25 m/s at sea level, 2,440 lb (1,107 kg) gross weight)
Wing loading: 14.4 lb/ft² (70.1 kg/m²)
Power/mass: 0.065 hp/lb (108 W/kg)

Fuel consumption: 11.4 US gallons per hour at best power mixture setting, 75% power; 9.2 US gallons per hour at best economy mixture setting, 65% power; 8.5 US gallons (32 liters) per hour at best economy mixture setting, 55% power.

Citations

^ Karl Bergey, Chairman & CEO (September 25, 2007). Retrieved on 2007-09-25.

External links

Aircraft-Info.net - Piper PA-28 Cherokee Series
New Piper Aircraft Home Page
Cherokee Pilots Association (includes performance stats for most PA-28 and PA-32 models)
Piper Cherokee and Arrow Safety Highlights Detailed report by AOPA on Safety and Accidents for PA-28 and PA-28R