Perso-Arabic script

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Example showing Nastaʿlīq's proportion rules.^{[ 1 ]}

Perso-Arabic script is a writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. Originally being used exclusively for the Arabic language, the Arabic script was modified to match the demands of being a writing system for the Persian language, adding four letters: پ [p], چ [ʧ], ژ [ʒ], and گ [g]. Many languages which use the Perso-Arabic script add additional letters. The Perso-Arabic script has been applied specifically to the Persian alphabet, Urdu alphabet, Kurdish Sorani alphabet, Baloch alphabet, Punjabi Shahmukhi script, Tajik-Persian Alphabet and several others. In order to represent non-Arabic sounds, new letters were created by adding dots, lines, and other shapes to existing letters. For example, the retroflex sounds of Urdu are represented orthographically by adding a small ط above their non-retroflex counterparts: د [d̪] and ڈ [ɖ]. The voiceless retroflex fricative [ʂ] of Pashto is represented in writing by adding a dot above and below the س [s] letter, resulting in ښ. The close central rounded vowel [ʉ] of Kurdish is written by writing two ﻭ [u], resulting in ﻭﻭ. The term Perso-Arabic script is also sometimes used to refer to the general Arabic script [1], or to the Persian variant of the Arabic alphabet [2]. The Perso-Arabic script is exclusively written cursively. That is, the majority of letters in a word connect to each other. This is also implemented on computers. Whenever the Perso-Arabic script is typed, the computer connects the letters to each other. Unconnected letters are not widely accepted. There are many Arabic-derived alphabets which were not influenced by the Perso-Arabic script, including Jawi (used for Malay), Sorabe (Malagasy), and many alphabets used in Northern Africa. These alphabets used other innovations for writing such common sounds as [p] and [g], instead of the Perso-Arabic letters پ and گ, although the Jawi script does use the same symbol for [ʧ] ( چ ). A characteristic feature of this script, possibly tracing back to Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics, is that vowels are underrepresented. For example, in Classical Arabic, of the six vowels, the three short ones are normally omitted entirely (except in the Qur`aan), while the three long ones are represented ambiguously by certain consonants. Only Kashmiri and Kurdish, of the many languages using adaptations of this script, regularly indicate all vowels.

See also

• Arabic alphabet
• Nasta'liq script
• Persian alphabet
• Ottoman Turkish language
• History of the Arabic alphabet
• List of languages by writing system#Arabic script
• Urdu alphabet
• Shahmukhi
• Ajami script