Paul Underwood Kellogg (1879-1958) was an American journalist and social reformer. He was born in Kalamazoo, Michigan, in 1879. After working as a journalist he moved to New York City to study at Columbia University. After university Kellogg worked for Charities magazine before carrying out an unprecedented in-depth study of industrial life in Pittsburgh. Published as The Pittsburgh Survey (1910-1914), it became a model for sociologists wishing to employ research to aid social reform. Kellogg returned to Charities magazine, now retitled Survey magazine. He became editor in 1912 and over the next few years turned into America's leading social work journal. An opponent of U.S. involvement in the First World War, Kellogg joined Jane Addams and Oswald Garrison Villard, to persuade Henry Ford, the wealthy American businessman, to organize a peace conference in Stockholm. Ford came up with the idea of sending a boat of pacifists to Europe to determine if they could negotiate an agreement that would end the war. He chartered the ship Oskar II, and it sailed from Hoboken, New Jersey on December 4, 1915. The Ford Peace Ship reached Stockholm in January, 1916, and a conference was organized with representatives from Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United States. In 1918 Kellogg became the chairman of the Foreign Policy Association in New York. By the 1920s, Kellogg became appalled by the way people were being persecuted for their political beliefs, particularly by President Wilson's appointee A. Mitchell Palmer. In 1920, Kellogg joined with Roger Baldwin, Norman Thomas, Crystal Eastman, Jane Addams, Clarence Darrow, John Dewey, Abraham Muste, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn and Upton Sinclair to form the American Civil Liberties Union. In 1927 Kellogg joined with John Dos Passos, Alice Hamilton, Jane Addams, Upton Sinclair, Dorothy Parker, Ben Shahn, Edna St. Vincent Millay, Floyd Dell, George Bernard Shaw and H. G. Wells in an effort to prevent the execution of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti. Although Webster Thayer, the original judge, was officially criticised for his conduct at the trial, the execution went ahead on August 23 1927. Paul Kellogg died in 1958.
