A McLeod gauge is a scientific instrument to measure very low pressures, down to 10-7 Torr. It was invented in 1874 by H. G. McLeod. They were once commonly found attached to equipment that operates under a vacuum, such as a lyophilizer. Today, these gauges have largely been replaced by electronic vacuum gauges. The design of a McLeod gauge is somewhat similar to a that of a mercury column manometer. Typically they are filled with mercury. If used incorrectly, this mercury can escape and contaminate the vacuum system attached to the gauge. McLeod gauges operate by taking in a sample volume of gas from a vacuum chamber, and then compressing it by tilting, and infilling with mercury. The pressure in this smaller volume is then measured by a mercury manometer, and, by knowing the compression ratio, the pressure of the original vacuum can be determined. This method is fairly accurate for non-condensible gases, such as oxygen and nitrogen. However, condensible gases, such as water vapour, ammonia, carbon dioxide and pump oil vapors, may be in gaseous form in the low pressure of the vacuum chamber, but will condense when compressed by the McLeod gauge. The result is an erroneous reading, showing a pressure much lower than actually present. Modern electronic vacuum gauges are simpler to use, less fragile, and do not present a mercury hazard, but their reading is highly dependent on the chemical nature of the gas being measured and their calibration is unstable. For this reason McLeod gauges continue to be used as a calibration standard for electronic gauges.
