List of revolutions and rebellions

This is a list of revolutions and rebellions.

B.C.

• 499 BC-493 BC: Ionian Revolt. Most of the Greek cities occupied by the Persians in Asia Minor and Cyprus rose up against their Persian rulers.
• 206 BC: Ziying, last ruler of the Qin Dynasty of China surrenders himself to Liu Bang, leader of a popular revolt and founder of the Han Dynasty.
• 181 BC-174 BC: The Celtiberian revolt in Spain; Romans eventually subdue the Celtiberians.
• 154 BC: Failed Rebellion of the Seven States by members of the royal family of the Han Dynasty.
• 153 BC-133 BC: Celtiberians again revolted, and were not finally overcome until the capture of Numantia.
• 147 BC-139 BC: Lusitanian Rebellion against the Roman forces in modern day Portugal, led by Lusitanian leader named Viriathus.
• 73 BC-71 BC: The failed Roman Slave rebellion led by gladiator Spartacus.
• 52 BC-51 BC: Revolt of the Celtic Gauls in modern day France, led by Vercingetorix, was crushed by Julius Caesar.

1 - 1000

• 6-9: the Pannonians, with the Dalmatians and other Illyrian tribes, revolted, and were overcome by Tiberius and Germanicus, after a hard-fought campaign which lasted for three years.
• 9: Arminius revolt against the Roman Empire; alliance of Germanic tribes led by Arminius ambushed and annihilated three Roman legions led by Publius Quinctilius Varus in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.
• 18: Red Eyebrow Rebellion in China
• 20: Green Forest Rebellion in China
• 60-61: Boudica, queen of the Celtic Iceni people of Norfolk in Roman-occupied Britain, led a major uprising of the Briton tribes against the occupying forces of the Roman Empire.^[1]
• 66-70: Great Jewish Revolt, the first of three Jewish-Roman wars that took place in Iudaea Province against the Roman Empire.
• 115-117: Kitos War, the second Jewish-Roman wars.
• 132-135: Bar Kokhba's revolt, the third and last Jewish-Roman wars.
• 184: Zhang Jiao led an unsuccessful peasant revolt called the Yellow Turban Rebellion during the later Han dynasty, which later collapsed due to destabilization and lack of co-ordination with other Yellow Turban forces across China.
• 496: Mazdak leads the Persian socialistic movement and overthrows Shahanshah Kavadh I of the Persian empire
• 532: Nika revolt in Constantinople, similar to the mayhem that erupts after a soccer championship in modern times, with nearly half the city being burned or destroyed.
• 613: Rebellion by Yang Xuangan in China was crushed by Sui Dynasty.
• 623: Uprising of Slavs led by Samo against Avars.
• 685-699: Azraqi Khariji revolt in Iraq and Iran against the Umayyad Caliphate
• 740: Zaidi revolt against the Umayyad dynasty.
• 740-743: The Great Berber Revolt in Maghreb against the Umayyads marked the first successful secession from the Arab caliphate (ruled from Damascus).
• 747-750: The successful Abbasid Revolt overthrew the Umayyad dynasty. When Abbasids declared amnesty for members of the Umayyad family, eighty gathered to receive pardons, and all were massacred.
• 755-763: Rebellion by powerful Jiedushi An Lushan in Tang Dynasty, which caused heavy damage in China in terms of population and economy.
• 782-785: Saxon revolt against Charlemagne. Rebellion was part of Saxon Wars.
• 817-837: revolution of the Iranian Khurramites led by Babak Khorramdin.
• 824-836: The revolt of Arab troops in Tunisia against Aghlabids was only put down with the help of the Berbers.
• 828: Failed rebellion by Kim Heon-chang against Silla
• 845: Rebellion by famous naval commander Jang Bogo against Silla. Rebellion was ended when Jang was assassinated.
• 869-883: Zanj Rebellion of black African slaves in Iraq. The Zanj Rebellion was crushed in 883 by the Abbasids.^[2]
• 875-884: Rebellion by salt smuggler Huang Chao against Tang Dynasty China, which later collapsed due to the destabilization caused by the rebellion.
• 884: Umar ibn Hafsun led anti-Ummayad dynasty forces in southern Spain.
• 893: Abu 'Abdullah al-Shi'i began his efforts to estabish stronghold for Fatimids in North Africa.
• 899-906: The Qarmatians, an extremist Ismā'īlī Muslim sect centered in eastern Arabia, revolted against Abbasids.
• 943-947: The great revolt of Abu Yazid, a Khariji Berber leader who assembled a large tribal coalition against Fatimid rule.
• 982: The great revolt of the pagan Polabian Slavs of the lower Elbe against the Holy Roman Empire.

1000-1600

See also: Popular revolt in late medieval Europe

• 1095: Rebellion of northern nobles against William Rufus
• 1125: The Almohads began a rebellion in the Atlas Mountains
• 1185: Vlach-Bulgarian Rebellion against Byzantine Empire
• 1233-1234: The Stedinger revolt in Frisia caused Pope Gregory IX to call on a crusade.
• 1242-1249: The First Prussian Uprising against the Teutonic Knights, which took place during the Northern Crusades.
• 1296-1328: First of the Wars of Scottish Independence between Scotland and England, leading to renewed Scottish independence in 1328.
• 1332-1357: The second long lasting instalment of the Wars of Scottish Independence, leading again to renewed Scottish independence from England and the Treaty of Berwick.
• 1302: Battle of the Golden Spurs in Flanders, after which the French were ousted.
• 1323-1328: beginning as a series of scattered rural riots in late 1323, the Peasant revolt in Flanders escalated into a full-scale rebellion and ended with the Battle of Cassel.
• 1343-1345: the St. George's Night Uprising in Estonia.
• 1354: revolt of Cola di Rienzi.
• 1356-1358: a peasant revolt called Jacquerie took place in northern France, during the Hundred Years' War.

The end of the unsuccessful Peasants' Revolt in England 1381. Rebel leader Wat Tyler is killed while Richard II watches, a second image within the painting shows Richard addressing the crowd

• 1368: Zhu Yuanzhang led peasant Han Chinese in a rebellion against the Mongol Yuan dynasty, establishing the Ming dynasty.
• 1378: Revolt of the Ciompi.
• 1381: the Peasants' Revolt or Great Rising of 1381 took place in England.
• 1400-1415 The Welsh revolt led by Owain Glyndŵr.
• 1418-1427: Vietnamese led by Le Loi revolted against Chinese occupation.
• 1420: Bohemian Hussites begin a rebellion against both Catholicism and the Holy Roman Empire. The wars that ensue are known as the Hussite Wars.
• 1437: the Bobâlna (Bábolna) revolt broke out in Transylvania, using military tactics inspired by the Hussites wars.
• 1444-1468: Skenderbeg's rebellion in Ottoman-ruled Albania
• 1450: Kent rebellion led by Jack Cade.
• 1462-1485: Rebellion of the Remences in Catalonia.
• 1497: Cornish Rebellion of 1497 in England.
• 1514: peasant's war led by György Dózsa in the Kingdom of Hungary.
• 1515: Slovenian peasant revolt
• 1515: Frisian-rebellion of the Arumer Black Heap, lead by Pier Gerlofs Donia.
• 1519-1523: the first Revolta de les Germanies in Valencia, an anti-monarchist, anti-feudal autonomist movement inspired by the Italian republics
• 1520-1522: Revolt of the Comuneros against the rule of Charles V.
• 1524-1525: Peasants' War of in the Holy Roman Empire.
• 1542: Dacke Feud in Sweden.
• 1549: Prayer Book Rebellion in Cornwall and Devon, United Kingdom.
• 1549: Kett's Rebellion
• 1566-1648: Eighty Years' War; revolt of the Low Countries against Spain.
• 1568-1571: Morisco Revolt by the remnants of the Morisco community (Spanish Christian converts from Islam ["crypto-Muslims"] in Granada, Spain.
• 1573: Croatian and Slovenian peasant revolt.
• 1594-1603: The Nine Years War or Tyrone's Rebellion in Ulster, Ireland against British rule in Ireland
• 1596: Club War uprising in Finland.

1600-1900

• 1606-1607: Bolotnikov rebellion for the abolition of serfdom, which was part of the Time of Troubles in Russia.
• 1618-1625: Bohemian Revolt against the Habsburgs. Rebellion was part of Thirty Years' War.
• 1640: Portuguese Revolt against Spanish Empire.
• 1640-1652: Catalan Revolt.
• 1640-1644: Vlach uprising against Habsburg rule in Moravia.
• 1641: Irish Rebellion of 1641
• 1642-1653: the English Revolution, commencing as a civil war between Parliament and the King, culminates in the execution of Charles I and the establishment of a republican Commonwealth succeeded several years later by the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell.
• 1644: Li Zicheng rebellion against Ming Dynasty.
• 1647: Naples Revolt.
• 1648: Khmelnytsky Uprising of Cossacks in Ukraine against Polish nobility in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
• 1648-1653: The Fronde, in France.
• 1668-1676: Solovetsky Monastery Uprising
• 1669: Jat uprising under Gokula. The Hindu Jats in the Agra district revolted against the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.
• 1672-1674: Lipka Rebellion, an uprising of Polish Tatars against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
• 1672-1678: Messina Revolt. The Sicilian revolt against Spanish rule took place during the Franco-Dutch War of Louis XIV; the rebels were supported by France.
• 1675-1676: King Philip's War between Indians and English settlers, sometimes called Metacom's Rebellion. One in ten soldiers on both sides was injured or killed.

Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown in 1781. American Revolutionary War.

• 1676: Bashkir Rebellion against Russian rule.
• 1680: Pueblo Revolt against Spanish settlers in New Mexico.
• 1682: Moscow Uprising of the Moscow Streltsy regiments.
• 1688: The Glorious Revolution overthrow in England of King James II and establishment of a Whig-dominated Protestant constitutional monarchy.
• 1688-1746: The 'Jacobite Risings were a series of uprisings, rebellions, and wars in the British Isles occurring between 1688 and 1746.
• 1689: Karposh's Rebellion against Ottoman Empire.
• 1693: the second Revolta de les Germanies in Valencia, prompted by feudal taxation.
• 1698: Streltsy Uprising in Russia.
• 1702-1715: Camisard Rebellion in France.
• 1703-1711: The Rákóczi Uprising against the Habsburgs.
• 1707-1709: Bulavin Rebellion in Imperial Russia.
• 1745-1746: The Jacobite Rising in Scotland.
• 1763-1766: Pontiac's Rebellion by numerous North American Indian tribes who joined the uprising in an effort to drive British soldiers and settlers out of the Great Lakes region.
• 1768: Rebellion of 1768 by Creole and German settlers objecting to the turnover of the Louisiana Territory from New France to New Spain
• 1770: Orlov Revolt in Peloponnese
• 1773-1775: Pugachev's Rebellion was the largest peasant revolt in Russia's history. Between the end of the Pugachev rebellion and the beginning of the 19th century, there were hundreds of outbreaks across Russia.^[3]
• 1774-1783: the American Revolution establishes independence of the thirteen North American colonies from Great Britain, creating the republic of the United States of America. A war of independence in that it created one nation from another, it was also a revolution in that it overthrew an existing societal and governmental order: the Colonial government in the Colonies. The American Revolution heavily influenced the French Revolution that followed it and led to the creation of a Constitutional form of government (see U.S. Constitution).
• 1780-1782: José Gabriel Condorcanqui, known as Túpac Amaru II, raises an indigenous peasant army in revolt against Spanish control of Peru. Julián Apasa, known as Tupac Katari allied with Tupac Amaru and lead an indigenous revolt in Alto Peru (preset day Bolivia) nearly destroying the city of La Paz in a siege.
• 1789: regarded as one of the most influential of all socio-political revolutions, the French Revolution is associated with the rise of the bourgeoisie and the downfall of the aristocracy.

Hanging of suspected United Irishmen by Government troops. Irish Rebellion of 1798.

• 1791-1804: the successful slave rebellion led by Toussaint Louverture establishes Haiti as the first free, black republic.
• 1793-1796: Revolt in the Vendée was popular uprising against the Republican government during the French Revolution.
• 1794: Polish revolt
• 1795-1796: rebels in Grenada led by Julien Fédon execute the governor and wrest control of most of the island from Britain, which maintains a stronghold in St. George's, the capital. The goal was to incorporate Grenada into revolutionary France, but Fédon soon disappeared and was never heard from again.
• 1796-1804: The White Lotus Rebellion against the Manchu Dynasty in China.
• 1798: The Irish Rebellion of 1798 failed to overthrow British rule in Ireland.
• 1803: The rebellion of Robert Emmet in Dublin, Ireland against British rule
• 1804-1813: The First Serbian Uprising against Ottoman rule.
• 1808: Dos de Mayo Uprising against the occupation of Madrid by French troops.
• 1808-1814: The Peninsula war.
• 1809-1810: The Rebellion of Velu Thampi Dalawa of Travancore.
• 1810-1821: the Mexican War of Independence, a revolution against Spanish colonialism
• 1810: the Viceroy of the Río de la Plata is deposed by local officers in Argentina
• 1810-1840: the dictatorship of José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia in Paraguay is dubbed the "autonomous revolution" by Paraguay specialist Richard Alan White.^[4] Influenced by the Jacobins of the French Revolution and the meritocratic theory of socialism propounded by Henri de Saint-Simon, Francia led his country on an isolationist path, emphasizing self-sufficiency and breaking the power of the traditional colonial elite with harsh, autocratic repression. Paraguay remained one of South America's most advanced countries until the War of the Triple Alliance.

Battle at "Snake Gully" 1802, during the Haitian Revolution against French rule which succeeded in 1804

• 1812: Peasant rebellion of Hong Gyeong-nae against Joseon Dynasty of Korea
• 1817: The Pernambucan Revolution, a republican separatist movement which resulted in the creation of the short-lived Republic of Pernambuco (March 7, 1817 - May 20, 1817).
• 1817: The Pentrich Revolution, Derbyshire; an ill-fated attempt to overthrow the Government, unknowingly it was instigated by William Oliver, aka Oliver the Spy. Three men were executed in Nov 1817 & 14 men were transported to NSW. The event is known as 'England's Last Revolution' (June 9th-10th 1817).
• 1820: revolutions in Spain and Portugal.
• 1820-1824: revolutionary war of independence in Peru led by José de San Martín
• 1821-1829: Greek War of Independence
• 1822-1823: republican revolution in Mexico overthrows Emperor Agustín de Iturbide
• 1825: Decembrist revolt in Russian Empire
• 1827-1828: failed conservative rebellion in Mexico led by Nicolás Bravo
• 1830: July Revolution - the French Revolution of 1830 was a revolt by the middle class against Bourbon King Charles X which forced him out of office and replaced him with the Orleanist King Louis-Philippe (the "July Monarchy").
• 1830: the Belgian Revolution was a conflict in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands that began with a riot in Brussels in August 1830 and eventually led to the establishment of an independent, Catholic and neutral Belgium
• 1830 1831 - November Uprising in Poland
• 1832-1843: Abdelkader's rebellion in French-occupied Algeria
• 1834-1859: Imam Shamil's rebellion in Russian-occupied Caucasus.

Siege of Saragossa : The French assault on the San Engracia monastery.

• 1835-1836: Texas secedes from Mexico in the Texas Revolution
• 1835-1845: War of Tatters, Separatists gauchos revolutionaries declared the independence of the Rio Grande do Sul from Brazil.
• 1837-1838: Rebellions of 1837 - failed republican revolutions against British rule in Canada.
• 1847: Maya Rebellion in Yucatán.
• 1847: Taos Revolt in New Mexico against the United States
• 1848: the Revolutions of 1848 are a wave of failed liberal and republican revolutions that swept Europe.
• 1848: rebellion in British-ruled Ceylon
• 1851-1864: Taiping Rebellion against the Qing Dynasty and Manchu domination in China. In total between 20 and 30 million lives had been lost, making it the second deadliest war in human history.
• 1854: Revolution in Spain against the Moderate Party Government.
• 1854-1873: The Miao Rebellion in China.
• 1854-1855: Revolution of Ayutla in Mexico
• 1857: failed Indian rebellion against British East India Company, marking the end of Mughal rule in India. Also known as the 1857 War of Independence and, particularly in the West, the Sepoy Mutiny.
• 1858: Mahtra War in Estonia.
• 1858-1861: War of the Reform in Mexico
• 1861-1865: American Civil War in the United States, between the United States and the Confederate States of America, which was formed out of eleven southern states.
• 1861-1866: Quantrill's Raiders in Missouri.
• 1862-1877: Muslim Rebellion against the Qing Dynasty.
• 1863-1865: January Uprising was the Polish uprising against the Russian Empire.
• 1865: Morant Bay rebellion

Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the French Revolution of 1830

• 1866-1868: Meiji Restoration and modernization revolution in Japan. Samurai uprising leads to overthrow of shogunate and establishment of "modern" parliamentary, Western-style system.
• 1868: the Glorious Revolution in Spain deposes Queen Isabella II
• 1868: in the Grito de Lares, rebels proclaim the independence of Puerto Rico from Spain.
• 1869 - 1870: Red River Rebellion, the events surrounding the actions of a provisional government established by Métis leader Louis Riel at the Red River Settlement, Manitoba, Canada.
• 1871: Paris Commune
• 1871-1872: Porfirio Díaz rebels against President Benito Juárez of Mexico
• 1871: liberal revolution in Guatemala
• 1875: Deccan Riots
• 1876: a second rebellion by Porfirio Díaz against President Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada of Mexico
• 1876: the April uprising, a revolt by the Bulgarian population against Ottoman rule.
• 1882: Urabi Revolt: an uprising in Egypt on June 11, 1882 against the Khedive and European influence in the country. It was led by and named after Colonel Ahmed Urabi.
• 1885: a peasant revolt in the Ancash region of Peru led by Pedro Pablo Atusparía succeeds in occupying the Callejón de Huaylas for several months
• 1885: North-West Rebellion of Métis in Saskatchewan
• 1893: a liberal revolt brings José Santos Zelaya to power in Nicaragua
• 1894-1895: Donghak Peasant Revolution: Korean peasants led by Jeon Bong-jun revolted against Joseon Dynasty; the revolt was crushed by Japanese and Chinese intervention, leading to First Sino-Japanese War
• 1895: revolution against President Andrés Avelino Cáceres in Peru ushers in a period of stable constitutional rule
• 1896-1898: the Philippine Revolution, a war of independence against Spanish rule directed by the Katipunan society
• 1899-1901: Boxer Rebellion against foreign influence in areas such as trade, politics, religion and technology that occurred in China during the final years of the Qing Dynasty.

1900-1950

• 1903: the Ilinden Uprising of the Macedonians in the Ottoman Empire breaks out.
• 1904: Liberal revolution in Paraguay
• 1905: failed bourgeois-liberal revolution against Tsar Nicholas II in Russia.
• 1905-1906: Persian\Iranian constitutional revolution
• 1905-1906: Maji Maji Rebellion in German east africa
• 1907: Romanian Peasants' Revolt
• 1908: Young Turk Revolution, Young Turks force the autocratic ruler Abdul Hamid II to restore parliament and constitution in the Ottoman Empire.

Public demonstration in the Sultanahmet district of Istanbul, during the Young Turk Revolution of 1908

• 1910: the Mexican Revolution overthrows the dictator Porfirio Díaz; seizure of power by Institutional Revolutionary Party.
• 1910: republican revolution in Portugal
• 1910-1911: the Sokehs Rebellion erupts in German-ruled Micronesia. Its primary leader, Somatau, is executed soon after being captured.
• 1911: the Xinhai Revolution overthrows the ruling Qing Dynasty and establishment of the Republic of China.
• 1914: the Ten Days War was a shooting war involving irregular forces of coal miners using dynamite and rifles on one side, opposed to the Colorado National Guard, Baldwin Felts detectives, and mine guards deploying machine guns, cannon and aircraft on the other, occurring in the aftermath of the Ludlow Massacre. The Ten Days War ended when federal troops intervened.
• 1914: Boer Revolt against the British in South Africa.
• 1916: Easter Rising in Dublin, Ireland during which the Irish Republic was proclaimed.
• 1916: an anti-French uprising in Algeria.
• 1916: Central Asian Revolt started when the Russian Empire government ended its exemption of Muslims from military service.
• 1916-1918: Arab Revolt with the aim of securing independence from the Ottoman Empire.
• 1916-1923: Irish War of Independence, the period of nationalist rebellion, guerrilla warfare, political change and civil war which brought about the establishment of the independent nation, the Irish Free State.
• 1917: French Army Mutinies.
• 1917: the February Revolution overthrows Tsar Nicholas II in Russia.
• 1917: the Green Corn Rebellion takes place in rural Oklahoma.
• 1917: October Revolution in Russia - Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia and the establishment of the Soviet Union.
• 1918: Christmas Uprising in Montenegro - Montenegrins (Zelenaši) rebelled against unification of Kingdom of Montenegro with Kingdom of Serbia.
• 1918: Wilhelmshaven mutiny
• 1918: German Revolution Overthrow of the Kaiser by a workers' revolution; establishment of the Weimar Republic.
• 1918-1919: a wave of strikes and student unrest shakes Peru. These events influence two of the dominant figures of Peruvian politics in the 20th century: Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre and José Carlos Mariátegui.
• 1918-1919: Greater Poland Uprising (1918-1919) Polish uprising against German authorities
• 1918-1921: Ukrainian Revolution
• 1918-1922: Third Russian Revolution, a failed anarchist revolution against both Bolshevism and the White movement.
• 1918-1931: Basmachi Revolt against Soviet Russia rule in Central Asia.
• 1919-1921: Tambov Rebellion
• 1919-1922: Turkish War of Independence commanded by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
• 1919: German Revolution
• 1919: revolution in Hungary results in the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic
• 1920: Pitchfork Uprising was a peasant uprising against the Soviet policy of the war communism in what is today Tatarstan.
• 1921: Battle of Blair Mountain ten to fifteen thousand coal miners rebel in West Virginia, assaulting mountain-top lines of trenches established by the coal companies and local sheriff's forces in the largest armed, organized uprising in American labor history.
• 1921: Kronstadt rebellion of Soviet sailors against the government of the early Russian SFSR.
• 1921-1923: Yakut Revolt
• 1921-1924: a revolution in (Outer) Mongolia re-establishes the country's independence and sets out to construct a Soviet-style socialist state
• 1922-1923: Irish Civil War, between supporters of the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the government of the Irish Free State and more radical members of the original Irish Republican Army who opposed the treaty and the new government.
• 1923: Founding of Republic of Turkey by overthrowing the Ottoman Empire, introduction of Atatürk's Reforms.
• 1923: Klaipėda Revolt in the Memel territory that had been detached from Germany after World War I.
• 1924-1927: Sheikh Said Rebellion
• 1925: July Revolution in Ecuador
• 1925-1927: The Syrian Revolution, a revolt initiated by the Druze and led by Sultan al-Atrash against French Mandate.
• 1926: the so-called "National Revolution" in Portugal initiates a period known as the "National Dictatorship"
• 1926-1929: the Cristero War in Mexico, an uprising against anti-clerical government policy
• 1927-1931: Kurdish Rebellion against Turkey.
• 1927-1933: rebellion led by Augusto César Sandino against the United States presence in Nicaragua
• 1930: Brazilian Revolution of 1930 led by Getúlio Vargas
• 1932: a Constitutionalist Revolution against the provisional president Getúlio Vargas led Brazil to a short civil war.
• 1932: an Aprista revolt in Trujillo, Peru. After about 60 officers are executed, the army responds with the killing of at least 1,000 people. The repression includes the first aerial bombing in South American history.
• 1932: the Siamese coup d'état of 1932, sometimes called the "Promoters Revolution", ends absolute monarchy in Thailand
• 1933: popular revolution against Cuban dictator Gerardo Machado
• 1934: In October, workers including radical socialists and anarchists stage coups in the Spanish regions of Asturias and Catalonia. The immediate cause was the entrance of a right-wing Catholic party into the government of the unstable Second Spanish Republic. The Asturian uprising was put down by General Francisco Franco.
• 1936: the Febrerista Revolution, oligarchic Liberal Party rule in Paraguay ended by Rafael Franco.

Polish insurgent at a Warsaw Uprising barricade

• 1936: General Francisco Franco leds a coup and starts the Spanish Civil War.
• 1936: Spanish Revolution
• 1936-1939: a period of so-called "military socialism" in Bolivia follows a revolution in which celebrated war hero David Toro takes power. A constitution establishing a corporative state is promulgated in 1938, following the nationalization of Standard Oil and the passage of progressive labor laws.
• 1937-1938: Dersim Rebellion was the most important |Kurdish rebellion in modern Turkey.
• 1937: the "Jornadas de Mayo", a workers' revolution in Catalonia
• 1938-1948: The Zionist Revolution - the period of Jewish nationalist rebellion and guerrilla warfare against the British Empire in Palestine which brought about the establishment of the State of Israel. Mainly fought by the Lehi and Irgun underground organizations but periodically joined by the Jewish Agency's official Haganah militia.
• 1941: June Uprising against the Soviet Union in Lithuania
• 1941-1945: Yugoslav People's Liberation War against the Axis Powers in World War II.
• 1942: Sri Lankan soldiers ignite the Cocos Islands Mutiny in an unsuccessful attempt to transfer the islands to Japanese control
• 1943: Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
• 1943: Uprising at Treblinka extermination camp
• 1944: Guatemalan Revolution overthrows the dictator Jorge Ubico by liberal military officers.
• 1944: Slovak National Uprising against Nazi Germany
• 1944-1947: a Communist-friendly government is installed in Bulgaria following a coup d'état and the Soviet invasion. The government was nominally a coalition called the Fatherland Front, but the Communist Party faction consolidated its power with Soviet support until 1947, when Soviet troops withdrew. Many royalist and fascist leaders from the previous Axis regime were given summary trials and executed.
• 1944: Following the liberation of Albania completed on November 29, the Communist Party of Albania under Enver Hoxha consolidates its control, moves forward with industrialization and modernization, and declares the People's Republic of Albania in January 1946.
• 1944: Warsaw Uprising was an armed struggle during the Second World War by the Polish Home Army (Armia Krajowa) to liberate Warsaw from German occupation and Nazi rule. It started on August 1 1944.
• 1944: Paris Uprising staged by the French Resistance against the German Paris garrison.
• 1944-1949: Greek Civil War.
• 1944-1965: Forest Brothers Rebellion in Baltic states against Soviet Union.
• 1945: Prague uprising against German occupation during World War II.
• 1945: August Revolution led by Ho Chi Minh declares the independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam from French rule
• 1945: democratic revolution in Venezuela led by Rómulo Betancourt
• 1947: Three months after an abortive coup, civil war breaks out in Paraguay. Led by Rafael Franco, the former head of the Febrerista (see above) government displaced in 1937, the rebellion was crushed by the government of dictator Higinio Morínigo. A local commander, Lt. Col. Alfredo Stroessner, seized the presidency in 1954 and ruled until 1989.
• 1946-1951: Telengana Rebellion a Communist led peasant revolt that took place in the Hyderabad State, India.

Algerian guerrillas shooting a mortar across the Algerian-Tunisian border during the Algerian War of Independence (1958)

• 1947-1952: In the Albanian Subversion, the intelligence services of the United States and Britain deploy exiled fascists, Nazis, and monarchists (especially members of Balli Kombëtar and the Legaliteti) in a failed attempt to foment a counterrevolution in Communist-ruled Albania. The exiles carried out some sabotage but found little popular support. Some exiles were captured and executed, along with some ordinary Albanians suspected of assisting them.
• 1948: following the liberation of Korea, Marxist former guerrillas under Kim Il Sung work to rapidly industrialize the country and rid it of the last vestiges of "feudalism."
• 1948-1960: Malayan Emergency
• 1949: the Communist-led Chinese Revolution under chairman Mao overthrows the ruling Nationalist Party and establishes the People's Republic of China.
• 1950: Jayuya revolt in Puerto Rico, explosion in the Blair House, and shooting at Congress, all looking for Puerto Rican independence.
• 1954-1962: Algerian War of Independence - revolutionary war of independence against French colonialism

1950-2000

• 1950s: Mau Mau Uprising
• 1952: a popular revolution in Bolivia led by Víctor Paz Estenssoro and the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR) initiates a period of multiparty democracy lasting until a 1964 military coup.
• 1952: Rosewater Revolution in Lebanon
• 1953: Vorkuta uprising was a major uprising of the Gulag inmates in Vorkuta in the summer of 1953. Like other camp uprisings it was bloodily quelled by the Red Army and the NKVD.^[5]
• 1954: Kengir uprising in the Soviet prison labor camp Kengir.
• 1954: Uyghur uprising against Chinese rule in Hotan.
• 1955-1970: The Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (UPC) engages in a guerrilla struggle against French colonialism in the French Cameroons. In 1955 the UPC was for all practical purposes banned, and in 1960 Cameroon achieved independence under the conservative government of President Ahmadou Ahidjo. After the gradual assassinations of many of its top leaders and the proclamation of a one-party state in 1966, the last significant remnants of the insurgency were extinguished in 1970. The UPC, unlike many other guerrilla organizations throughout Africa, never achieved state power.
• 1956-1962: Border Campaign led by the Irish Republican Army against the British, along the border of the independent Republic of Ireland and British Northern Ireland.

Cuban guerilla fighters led by Fidel Castro in the Sierra Maestra mountains during the Cuban Revolution 1956-59

• 1956: Hungarian Revolution, a failed workers' and peasants' revolution against the Soviet-supported communist state in Hungary.
• 1956: Tibetan rebellions against Chinese rule broke out in Amdo and Kham.
• 1958: popular revolt in Venezuela against military dictator Marcos Pérez Jiménez culminates in a civic-military coup d'état
• 1958: the Iraqi Revolution led by nationalist soldiers abolishes the British-backed monarchy, executes many of its top officials, and begins to assert the country's independence from both Cold War power blocs.
• 1959: The failed Tibetan uprising against Chinese rule led to the flight of the Dalai Lama.
• 1959: Cuban Revolution led by Fidel Castro removes the government of General Fulgencio Batista. By 1962 Cuba had been transformed into a declared socialist republic.
• 1959: the Tutsi king of Rwanda is forced into exile by Hutu extremists; racial pogroms follow an assassination attempt on Hutu leader Grégoire Kayibanda
• 1960-1973: Counterculture of the 1960s was a social revolution that originated in the United States and United Kingdom and eventually spread to other westernized nations. Themes of this movement included the anti-war movement, rebellion towards conservative norms, increase of drug use, and the sexual revolution.
• 1961-1991: Eritrean War of Independence led by Isaias Afewerki against Ethiopia.
• 1961-1975: Angolan Marxists and other radicals grouped in the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) begin guerrilla attacks on Portuguese infrastructure. With extensive military assistance from Cuba, the MPLA is able to outmaneuver two rival organizations and establish control of Luanda in time for independence on November 11, 1975. Civil war between the MPLA government and the anti-communist UNITA continued on-and-off until 2002, when UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi was killed.
• 1962-1974: The leftist African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) wages a revolutionary war of independence in Portuguese Guinea. In 1973, the independent Republic of Guinea-Bissau is proclaimed, and the next year the republic's independence is recognized by the reformist military junta in Lisbon.
• 1962: revolution in northern Yemen overthrows the imam and establishes the Yemen Arab Republic
• 1963-1967: Aden Emergency: nationalists in British-ruled Aden, with an eye on recent events in North Yemen and in Palestine, declare war on the British under the umbrella of the National Liberation Front (NLF). The UK hands over control to an independent South Yemen in November 1967. In 1969, moderate President Qahtan Muhammad al-Shaabi is edged out in favor of more radical socialists, who convoke a constituent assembly and begin to develop the state along Marxist-Leninist lines. The result is the only Communist state in the Arab world and the first in a Muslim country.
• 1964: following an American school's provocative decision to raise only the flag of the United States, Panamanian students march into the Panama Canal Zone with the flag of Panama. After the latter flag is torn, thousands more become involved, starting huge riots that lasted three days. About 20 people were killed and hundreds more injured.
• 1964: the Zanzibar Revolution overthrows the 157-year-old Arab monarchy, declares the People's Republic of Zanzibar, and begins the process of unification with Julius Nyerere's Tanganyika
• 1964: the October Revolution in Sudan, driven by a general strike and rioting, forces President Ibrahim Abboud to transfer executive power to a transitional civilian government and eventually resign.
• 1964-1975: the Mozambican Liberation Front (FRELIMO), formed in 1962, commences a guerrilla war against Portuguese colonialism. Independence is granted on June 25, 1975; however, the Mozambican Civil War complicated the political situation and frustrated FRELIMO's attempts at radical change. The war continued into the early 1990s after the government dropped Marxism as the state ideology.]
• 1964-present: Colombian Armed Conflict.
• 1966: Kwame Nkrumah is removed from power in Ghana by coup d'état.
• 1966-1976: Cultural Revolution, a maoist-led sociological repression in the People's Republic of China.
• 1966-1993: A guerrilla warfare is conducted against the repressive government of François Tombalbaye from the Sudan-based group FROLINAT. After the killing of field commander Ibrahim Abatcha in 1968, the movement jettisoned its socialist rhetoric and split into irreconcilable factions that often fought among themselves. Tombalbaye was brought down and executed in a 1975 military coup, and in 1979 the FROLINAT factions established the Transitional Government of National Unity (GUNT). This experiment lasted until 1982, when a FROLINAT splinter, led by Hissène Habré, took control of N'Djamena. Supporters of marginalized GUNT president Goukouni Oueddei held out for a few years at Bardaï, but the group eventually dissolved; but a new formation, the MPS, continued the civil war and brought to power in 1990 Idriss Déby.
• 1966-1998: The Ulster Volunteer Force is recreated by militant Protestant British Loyalists in Northern Ireland to wage war against the Irish Republican Army, and the Roman Catholic community at large.
• 1967-1970: Biafra; The former eastern Nigeria unsuccessfully fought for a breakaway republic of Biafra.After the mainly Ibo people of the region suffered pogroms in northern Nigeria the previous year.
• 1967: Anguillans resentful of Kittitian domination of the island expel the Kittitian police and declare independence from the British colony of Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla. British forces retake the island in 1969 and make Anguilla a separate dependency in 1980. There was no bloodshed in the entire episode.
• 1967: Cultural Revolution declared in Mali by President Modibo Keita.
• 1968: revolution in Republic of Congo
• 1968: Student protests and riots in Egypt in the wake of the Six-Day War lead to the ratification of the March 30 Program to deepen democratic processes.
• 1968: May 1968 revolt - students' and workers' revolt against the government of Charles de Gaulle in France.
• 1968: Socialist Cultural Revolution in Guinea launched by the government of President Ahmed Sékou Touré.
• 1968: coup by Juan Velasco Alvarado in Peru, followed by radical social and economic reforms
• 1968: a failed attempt by leader Alexander Dubček to liberalise Czechoslovakia in defiance of the Soviet-supported communist state culminates in the Prague Spring.
• 1969-1998: Provisional Irish Republican Army and other Republican Paramilitaries wage an armed campaign against British Security forces and Loyalist Paramilitaries in an attempt to bring about a United Ireland in what is known as The Troubles.
• 1969: a mass movement of workers, students, and peasants in Pakistan forces the resignation of President Mohammad Ayub Khan
• 1969: overthrow of the pro-Western monarchy by Arab nationalist military officers in Libya
• 1969: multiparty system supplanted by a military socialist government under Siad Barre in Somalia
• 1970: Rebellion in Guinea by what its government identified as Portuguese agents.
• 1971: the Bangladesh Liberation War led by the Mukti Bahini establishes the independent People's Republic of Bangladesh
• 1972: revolution in Benin
• 1972: military-led revolution against the civilian government of President Philibert Tsiranana in the Malagasy Republic; a Marxist faction takes power in 1975 under Didier Ratsiraka, modeled on the North Korean juche theory developed by Kim Il Sung.
• 1973: Mohammad Daud overthrows the monarchy and establishes a republic in Afghanistan.
• 1973: worker-student demonstrations in Thailand force dictator Thanom Kittikachorn and two close associates to flee the country, beginning a short period of democratic constitutional rule
• 1974: revolution in Ethiopia
• 1974: Carnation Revolution overthrows of right-wing dictatorship in Portugal
• 1975: revolution in Cambodia
• 1975: revolution in Laos overthrows the monarchy by guerrilla forces of the Pathet Lao
• 1975: revolution in Cape Verde
• 1976: student demonstrations and election-related violence in Thailand lead police to open fire on a sit-in at Thammasat University, killing hundreds. The military seizes power the next day, ending constitutional rule.
• 1977: Market Women's Revolt in Guinea leads to a lessening of the state's role in the economy.
• 1978: the Saur Revolution led by the Khalq faction of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan deposes and kills President Mohammad Daud.
• 1979: the dictatorship of Eric Gairy overthrown by the New Jewel Movement in Grenada.
• 1979: the popular overthrow of the Somoza dictatorship by progressive/Marxist Nicaraguan Revolution.
• 1979: the Iranian Revolution overthrows the U.S.-backed Shah, resulting in an Islamist cleric-led theocracy.
• 1979: Cambodia is liberated from the Khmer Rouge regime by the Vietnam-backed Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party
• 1980: Santo Rebellion in the Anglo-French condominium of New Hebrides. The primary nationalist leader, Father Walter Lini, favored Cold War nonalignment and opposed nuclear weapons in the Pacific. The French resident, Jean-Jacques Robert, who feared that an independent Vanuatu would provide inspiration to similar movements in New Caledonia and French Polynesia, collaborated with an uprising led by Jimmy Stevens' Nagriamel movement in Espiritu Santo. With logistical help and training from supporters of the Phoenix Foundation of the United States, Stevens declared independence as the State of Vemerana. The Nagriamel society had decisively lost elections to the territorial assembly in 1975 and 1979, which revealed its lack of a mass base of support. The revolt was put down by the Vanuatu Mobile Force and Papua New Guinean troops soon after independence was granted on July 30, 1980. ^[6]
• 1980-2000: The Communist Party of Peru launched the internal conflict in Peru.
• 1983: Overthrow of the ruling Conseil de Salut du peuple (CSP) by Marxist forces led by Thomas Sankara in Upper Volta, renamed Burkina Faso in the following year.
• 1984-1985: Pro-independence FLNKS forces in New Caledonia revolt following an election boycott and occupy the town of Thio from November 1984 to January 1985. Thio is retaken by the French after the assassination of Éloi Machoro, the security minister in the FLNKS provisional government and the primary leader of the occupation.^[7]
• 1986: The 1986 EDSA Revolution peacefully overthrows Ferdinand Marcos after his two decade rule in the Philippines.
• 1987-1991: First Intifada, or the Palestinian uprising, a series of violent incidents between Palestinians and Israelis
• 1989: Singing Revolution, bloodless overthrow of communist rule in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.
• 1989: the violent Caracazo riots in Venezuela. In the next few years, there are two attempted coups and President Carlos Andrés Pérez is impeached.
• 1989: Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 were a series of demonstrations led by students, intellectuals and labour activists in the People's Republic of China between April 15, 1989 and June 4, 1989.
• 1989: the bloodless Velvet Revolution overthrows the communist regime in Czechoslovakia.
• 1989: the Romanian Revolution violently overthrows the communist state in Romania.
• 1990-1995: the Log Revolution in Croatia starts, triggering the Croatian War of Independence.
• 1990-1995: the First Tuareg Rebellion in Niger and Mali.
• 1991: the Kurdish uprising against Saddam Hussein in Iraqi Kurdistan.
• 1992: Afghan Uprising against the Taliban by United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan or Northern Alliance.
• 1994: 1990s Uprising in Bahrain, Shiite-led rebellion for the restoration of democracy in Bahrain
• 1994: The bloodless electoral victory of the Republican party in many simultaneous elections in the United States. (Republican Revolution)
• 1994: Zapatista Rebellion: Uprising in the Mexican state of Chiapas demanding equal rights for indigenous peoples and in opposition to growing neoliberalism in North America
• 1994-1996: First Chechen Rebellion against Russia.
• 1996: Islamic movement in Afghanistan led by the Taliban
• 1997-1999: Kosovo Rebellion against Yugoslavia.
• 1998: the election in Venezuela of socialist leader Hugo Chávez is called the Bolivarian Revolution.
• 1998: Indonesian Revolution of 1998
• 1999-present: Second Chechen Rebellion against Russia.

2000-today

• 2000: Second Intifada a continuation of the First Intifada. The wave of violence that began in September 2000 between Palestinian Arabs and Israelis.
• 2000: the bloodless Bulldozer Revolution, first of the four color revolutions, overthrows Slobodan Milošević's régime in Yugoslavia.
• 2001: 2001 Macedonia conflict.
• 2001: Taliban insurgency following the 2001 war in Afghanistan.
• 2001: The 2001 EDSA Revolution peacefully ousts Philippine President Joseph Estrada after the collapse of his impeachment trial.
• 2001: Supporters of Philippines former president Joseph Estrada violently and unsuccessfully stage a rally, so-called the EDSA Tres, in an attempt of returning him to power.
• 2003: the Rose Revolution, second of the color revolutions, displaces the president of Georgia, Eduard Shevardnadze, and calls new elections.
• 2003: Iraqi insurgency refers to the armed resistance by diverse groups within Iraq to the US occupation of Iraq and to the establishment of a liberal democracy therein.
• 2003: the Darfur rebellion led by the two major rebel groups, the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM/A) and the Justice and Equality Movement, recruited primarily from the land-tilling Fur, Zaghawa, and Massaleit ethnic groups.
• 2004: after Viktor Yanukovych was declared the winner of a presidential election in the Ukraine, the Orange Revolution arose and installed Viktor Yushchenko as president, believing the election to have been fraudulent. This was the third color revolution.
• 2004: failed attempt at popular color-style revolution in Azerbaijan, led by the groups Yox! and Azadlig
• 2004: Naxalite insurgency in India, led by the Communist Party of India (Maoist)
• 2005: the Cedar Revolution, triggered by the assassination of Rafik Hariri, asks for the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon.
• 2005: the Tulip Revolution (a.k.a. Pink/Yellow Revolution) overthrows the President of Kyrgyzstan, Askar Akayev, and set new elections. This is the fourth color revolution.
• 2006: 2006 democracy movement in Nepal
• 2006: the 2006 Oaxaca protests demanding the removal of Ulises Ruiz Ortiz, the governor of Oaxaca state in Mexico.
• 2007: the Second Tuareg Rebellion in Niger.
• 2007: Burmese anti-government protests.

Cultural, intellectual, philosophical and technological revolutions

A Watt steam engine in Madrid. The development of the steam engine propelled the Industrial Revolution in Britain and the world. The steam engine was created to pump water from coal mines, enabling them to be deepened beyond groundwater levels.

The term revolution has been used to denote great changes outside the political sphere. They are usually recognized as having transformed in society, culture, philosophy and technology much more than political systems. Some can be global, while others are limited to single countries. Such revolutions include, in alphabetical order:

• Agricultural Revolutions, which include:
  • Neolithic Revolution (perhaps 13000 years ago), which formed the basis for human civilization to develop. It is commonly referred to as the 'First Agricultural Revolution'.
  • Green Revolution (1945- ), the use of industrial fertilizers and new crops greatly increased the world's agricultural output. It is commonly referred to as the 'Second Agricultural Revolution'.
  • British Agricultural Revolution (18th century), which spurred urbanisation and consequently helped launch the Industrial Revolution.
  • Scottish Agricultural Revolution (18th st century), which led to the Lowland Clearances.
• Cultural Revolution - a struggle for power within the Communist Party of China, which grew to include large sections of Chinese society and eventually brought the People's Republic of China to the brink of civil war, and which lasted from 1966 to 1976
• Digital Revolution - the sweeping changes brought about by computing and communication technology from the later half of the 20th Century till today
• Industrial Revolution - the major shift of technological, socioeconomic and cultural conditions in the late 18th and early 19th centuries that began in Britain and spread throughout the world
  • Second Industrial Revolution (1871–1914)
• Price revolution - a series of economic events from the second half of the 15th century to the first half of the 17th, the price revolution refers most specifically to the high rate of inflation that characterized the period across Western Europe
• Quiet Revolution - a period of rapid change in Quebec, Canada, in the 1960s
• Scientific revolution - a fundamental transformation in scientific ideas around the 16th century
• The Counterculture Revolution(or The Hippie Revolution). A Social and Cultural Revolution that swept through the United States and much of the western world in the 1960's and 1970's. In America, it was a revolt against the conservative social norms of the 1950s, the political conservatism and social repression of the Cold War period, and the US government's extensive military intervention in Vietnam. The growing use of psychedelic drugs are also included.
  • Sexual revolution - a change in sexual morality and sexual behavior throughout the Western world, mainly during the 1960s and 1970s.
• Upper Paleolithic Revolution - The emergence of "high culture", new technologies and regionally distinct cultures.

References

See also

• Revolution
• Peasant revolt
• Guerrilla warfare
• Resistance during World War II
• Ghetto uprising
• List of coups d'état and coups attempts
• List of civil wars
• Polish uprisings
• Chinese rebellions
• Popular revolt in late medieval Europe
• List of wars of independence
• List of riots