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| Terrorism |
|---|
| General |
| Definitions |
| History |
| International conventions |
| Anti-terrorism legislation |
| Counter-terrorism |
| War on Terrorism |
| Red Terror |
| White Terror |
| Lists |
| Designated organizations |
| Incidents |
| By ideology |
| Communist |
| Eco-terrorism |
| Narcoterrorism |
| Nationalist |
| Political |
| Racist |
| Religious |
| – Christian |
| – Islamic |
| Relation to states |
| State terrorism |
| State sponsorship |
| Tactics |
| Agro-terrorism |
| Bioterrorism |
| Car bombing |
| Environmental terrorism |
| Aircraft hijacking |
| Nuclear terrorism |
| Propaganda of the deed |
| Proxy bomb |
| Suicide attack |
| Configurations |
| Fronts |
| Lone wolf |
Many organizations that are accused of being a terrorist organization deny using terrorism as a military tactic to achieve their goals, and there is no international consensus on the bureaucratic definition of terrorism. Therefore, this list is of organizations that are, or have been in the past, designated as "terrorist organizations" by other notable organizations, including the United Nations and national governments, where the proscription has a significant impact on the group's activities.[1] This listing does not include states or governmental organizations, which are considered under state terrorism, or unaffiliated individuals accused of terrorism, which are considered under lone wolf terrorism.
Contents |
Religious terrorists
Religious terrorism is a form of religious violence. As with other forms of terrorism, there is no real consensus as to its definition. Groups are frequently classified as practitioners of religious terrorism for any one of the following reasons:
- The group itself is defined by religion rather than by other factors (such as ideology or ethnicity).
- Religion plays some part in defining or determining the objectives or methods of the group.
- The ultimate objective of the group is religiously defined.
Controversy concerning classification is often found because:
- Religion and ethnicity frequently coincide. Ethnic conflict may thus appear as religious, or religious conflict may appear as ethnic.
- Religious groups, like other groups, frequently pursue political goals. In such cases it is often not clear which is uppermost, the political goal or the religious motivation.
Groups which have used principal religious motives for their terrorist acts and were deemed as such by supranational organizations and governments are listed here in alphabetical order by religion.
Christian
- Army of God - An American anti-abortion terrorist group. [2]
- God's Army - A terrorist group in Myanmar.[2]
- Nagaland Rebels (1947-present) Active in predominantly Christian state in Hindu majority India. Involved in several bombings in 2004. Goal: Independence from India after annexing parts of neighboring Indian states and Burma if it has Christian majority.[2]
- National Liberation Front of Tripura (1989-present) A group that seeks the independence of Tripura from India to create a Christian Tripura.[2]
- Phineas Priesthood An American based Christian Identity movement. [2]
- National Democratic Front of Bodoland, active terrorist in the Indian state of Assam, involved in the murder of Bineshwar Brahma, prominent Hindu Bodo activist.[2]
Islamist
- Abu Sayyaf (1991-present; Islamist separatists; the Philippines)[2]
- Aden-Abyan Islamic Army (Yemen)[2]
- Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya (Late 1970s-present; Islamists; Egypt)[2]
- Seeks to establish Islamist state in Egypt. Usually targets secular establishments, government buildings, police, the military, minorities, tourists, and “morally offensive” buildings.
- Armed Islamic Group (1992-present; Islamists; Algeria)[2]
- Seeks to establish Islamist state in Algeria. Began operations in 1992 after the Algerian government ignored election results that gave victory to Islamist political parties.
- Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades[2]
- Ansar al-Islam (December 2001-present; Islamists; Iraq)[2]
- In Arabic, "Supporters of Islam."
- Also known as "Partisans of Islam or Helpers of Islam."
- Al-Qaeda (1988-present; Islamists; Afghanistan, Pakistan, and worldwide)[2]
- In Arabic, "the foundation", "the base", or "the database" kept by intelligence services of anti-Soviet Afghani fighters.
- Also known as Qa‘idat al-Jihad, Islamic Army for the Liberation of the Holy Places, World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders, Islamic Salvation Foundation, and the Osama bin Laden Network.
- Related: Alneda (former web site), As-Sahab (affiliated public relations organization),
- Cells: Buffalo six, Hamburg cell,
- Asbat al-Ansar (early 1990s-present; Lebanese Sunni Islamists; southern Lebanon)[2]
- In Arabic, "the League of the Followers."
- Acronym for "Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiya," or Islamic Resistance Movement.
- Jama'at al-Tawhid wa'al-Jihad/Al-Qaeda in Iraq - Abu Musab al-Zarqawi's Sunni network, operating in Iraq
- Eastern Turkestan Islamic Movement - al-Qaeda linked separatist group in China's Xinjiang Autonomous Region aiming to establish an Islamic state. Banned by China, along with related groups East Turkestan Liberation Organization, World Uighur Youth Congress and East Turkistan Information Center[3][2]
- Egyptian Islamic Jihad - Egypt (active since the late 1970s)[2]
- Fatah al-Islam - Lebanon[4] (al-Qaeda inspired group which briefly took over Nahr el-Bared refugee camp in 2007, before being defeated by the Lebanese Armed Forces)
- Hamas - West Bank, Gaza Strip. Listed as a terrorist organization by Australia, Canada, the European Union, Israel, and the United States[2]
- Harakat ul-Mujahidin (HUM) - Pakistan and Kashmir[2]
- Hezbollah - Lebanon; Listed as a terrorist organization by Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, Israel, and the United States[2]
- Hizbul Mujahideen - Pakistan and Kashmir[2]
- Jaish-e-Mohammed - Pakistan[2]
- Jaish Ansar al-Sunna - Iraq[5]
- Jemaah Islamiyah - Southeast Asia[2]
- Jundallah - Iran and Pakistan (affiliated with the USA and Al-Qaeda)[2]
- Lashkar-e-Jhangvi - Pakistan[2]
- Lashkar-e-Toiba - Pakistan[2]
- Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group - Morocco and Spain[2]
- Moro Islamic Liberation Front - (Islamic separatists; the Philippines)[2]
- Palestinian Islamic Jihad - Israel, West Bank, Gaza Strip[2]
- People Against Gangsterism and Drugs - South Africa[2]
- RSM or Rajah Solaiman Movement - Philippines[2]
- Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat - Algeria
- Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan - Pakistan[2]
- Students Islamic Movement of India - India[2]
- Takfir wal-Hijra - Egypt/Sudan/Algeria[2]
- Turkish Hezbollah - Kurdish organization operating in Turkey[2]
- Turkish Islamic Jihad - Turkey[2]
Jewish
- Jewish Defense League[2][2]
- Kach[2]
- Kahane Chai (designated as terrorist by Israel, the EU, and USA)[2]
Sikh
- Babbar Khalsa[2]
- International Sikh Youth Federation [3]
- Khalistan Zindabad Force [4]
All of these groups demand a Khalistan (Land of the Pure) in the Indian state of Punjab and adjoining areas for Sikhs. Most have a variable amount of support from Sikhs abroad and have been in existence since the 1980s. Many have been weakened and have cut down on activities, yet they continue. The militancy in Punjab has claimed approximately 100,000 lives, according to estimates put forward by Amnesty International: this figure involves killings by both Sikh militants and the Indian forces. With the exception of the first two, the other groups have only been proscribed in India.
Other religious terrorists
- Aum Supreme Truth (Aum Shinrikyo) - Japan (homicidal religious cult)[2]
- Lord's Resistance Army - Christian/Pagan/Muslim terrorist group that operates in northern Uganda, it seeks to overthrow the Ugandan government and create a country based on the ten commandments.[5][2]
Nationalistic terrorist organizations
Irish Nationalists (Ireland)
- Irish National Liberation Army (1974-Present)[2]
- Splinter group:
- Irish People's Liberation Organisation (1986-1992, defunct)
- Splinter group:
- Irish Republican Army (1922-1969) split into 'Official IRA' and 'Provisional IRA'.[2]
- Official IRA (1969–present)[2]
- Been on ceasefire since 1972.
- Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) (1969-) Listed as a proscribed terrorist organisation in the UK.[6]
- Supporters of the PIRA evolved from the split in Sinn Féin which saw the formation of 'Official' Sinn Féin and Provisional Sinn Féin. Provisional Sinn Féin was later known simply as Sinn Féin (while 'Official' Sinn Féin eventually became the Workers' Party).
- Under ceasefire since the Good Friday Agreement of 1998. However the British and Irish governments claimed they were responsible for the 2004 Northern Bank robbery, although this has never been proven, and denied by the IRA.
- Ended armed campaign in September 2005.
- Splinter groups:
- Continuity Irish Republican Army (CIRA) (1986-present)[2]
- Also known as the "Continuity Army Council" and "Óglaigh na hÉireann" (Gaelic for 'Warriors of Ireland')
- Does not recognize Good Friday Agreement.
- Real Irish Republican Army (RIRA) (1997-present)[2]*
- Also known as the True IRA and Óglaigh na hÉireann (Gaelic for Warriors of Ireland).
- Does not recognize Good Friday Agreement.
- Continuity Irish Republican Army (CIRA) (1986-present)[2]
Ulster Unionists/Loyalists (Northern Ireland)
- Ulster Volunteer Force (named after the Ulster Volunteers 1912-1921, current UVF has existed since 1966)[2]
- Very closely linked with the Red Hand Commandos (1972-present).
- Splinter group: Loyalist Volunteer Force [2]
- Ulster Defence Association (1971-present)[2]
- Also called the "Ulster Freedom Fighters," or UFF.
- On February 22, 2003, announced a "complete and utter cessation" of all acts of violence for one year. It said it will review its ceasefire every three months, although in February 2006, the Independent Monitoring Commission reported that the UDA continued its paramilitary activities, as well as involvement in organized crime, drug trafficking, counterfeiting, extortion, money laundering and robbery
- Splinter group: Red Hand Defenders[2]
- Loyalist Volunteer Force (1996-2005)[2]
- Orange Volunteers (1998-present)[2]
Indonesia
- Laskar Jihad; Islamic ultra nationist group[2]
Israeli/West Bank/ Gaza
Jewish (Historical)
- Lehi (1940-1948) - regarded as a terrorist group by the British, by Zionist organisations and the UN mediator. [6]
Arab
- Abu Nidal[2]
- Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades[2]
- Black Hand (Palestine)[2]
- Black September (group)[2]
- Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP)[2]
- Hamas - listed as a terrorist organization by Australia,[7] Canada,[8][9] the United Kingdom,[10] the European Union,[11] Israel, and the United States,[12] and is banned in Jordan.[13]
- Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)[2]
- Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command (PFLP-GC)[2]
- Popular Resistance Committees[2]
- Palestinian Islamic Jihad Movement[2]
- Palestine Liberation Front[2]
- Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (1964-present) - On December 14, 1988, the PLO officially renounced the use of terrorist tactics. In 1993 it became the PA (Palestinian Authority). Although it claims it does not support terrorism, documents show that the PA/PLO has actively supported and sponsored various terrorist groups in Israel.[14][15] According to the NCIS, the PLO is "the richest of all terrorist organizations." (1993)[16][2]
- The Holy Jihad Brigade[2]
- Tanzim[2]
Tamil Nationalist
- Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE, aka Tamil Tigers)- Sri Lanka. One of the largest groups with an estimated 11,000 [7] Tamil cadres who fight for separation from Sri Lanka. The group has carried out 240+ suicide bombings since the early 80s in the process which they describe as their freedom struggle. Members of the group were convicted for the suicide bomber assassinations of Sri Lankan President Ranasinghe Premadasa (1988-1993) and former Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi [8]. UNHCR has reported that this organisation recruits children by force. [9][2]
Other nationalist terrorists
ETA
- United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) - Assam (India)[17]
- East Turkestan Islamic Movement - Central Asia and China[2]
- East Turkistan Liberation Organization (China) [2]
- ETA (Basque Fatherland and Liberty) - Spain and southern France (founded 1959). Main terrorist organization in Spain responsible of numerous bombings, seeking an independent Basque Country. See also Kale borroka[2]
- Grey Wolves - Turkey
- Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK/KADEK/KONGRA-GEL) - Turkey[2]
- Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA; 1996-2001) - Federal Republic of Yugoslavia[2]
- Los Macheteros - Puerto Rico (founded 1976)[2]
- National Council of Resistance of Iran (MKO front)[18][19]
- Armed Islamic Group (GIA) - France, Algeria[2]
- Ogaden National Liberation Front[2]
- Oromo Liberation Front - 1973[2]
- VMO (1950-1970 and 1971-1983) - Flanders
Anarchist
- Black Star[2]
- 8=D
Leftist, Communist, Leninist, Trotskyst, Maoist and Marxist
- Action Directe - France[2]
- Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia - Lebanon, Armenia[2] and the USA[2]
- Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) - Nepal - currently taking part in disarmament and cooperation in a new interim government for Nepal[2]
- Japanese Red Army (Sekigun) - Japan[2]
- Khmer Rouge - Cambodia (disbanded)[2]
- NPA or New People's Army - Philippines[2]
- Revolutionary Organization 17 November (17N) - Greece[2]
- Revolutionary Struggle (Epanastatikos Agonas) - Greece[20]
- People's War Group - India[2]
- Red Army Faction (popularly known as the Baader-Meinhof Gang) - Germany (founded 1967, disbanded)[2]
- Red Brigades (Brigate Rosse) - Italy (founded 1969)[2]
- Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) - Colombia[2]
- Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) - Peru (active since the late 1960s)[2]
- Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) - Peru[2]
- United Freedom Front - USA (founded in 1976, now disbanded)[2]
- United Liberation Front of Assam - India[2]
- Weathermen - USA (founded in 1969, now disbanded)[2]
- Spin-off: May 19th Communist Movement (active 1978-85)[2]
Ethnic terrorists (including neo-Nazis and white-supremacists)
- Army for the Liberation of Rwanda - Rwanda (Hutu emancipatory;genocidal)[2]
- Aryan Nations - United States[2]
- Charles Martel Group - France (disbanded)[2]
- The Covenant, The Sword, and the Arm of the Lord (CSA) - United States[2]
- Ku Klux Klan - United States (founded in 1865 and revived several times since).[2]
- Masada Action and Defense Movement - France (disbanded). French racists pretending to be Zionist radicals.[2]
- The Order - United States (disbanded)[2]
Anti-Communists
Others
Africa
- Revolutionary United Front, Sierra Leonean rebels. US Terrorist Exclusion List Designee.[2]
- Umkhonto we Sizwe, the military branch of the ANC, active from 1961 to 1990. ANC were banned by South African government.[2]
France
- Action Directe (AD), an anti-NATO organization responsible for the 1986 murder of Georges Besse.[2] Banned by the French government in 1982.[21][22]
See also
- Category:Terrorists for individual terrorists.
- Definitions of terrorism
- State terrorism
- List of guerrilla movements
- Foreign Terrorist Organizations designated by the United States Department of State
- United Kingdom Terrorism Act 2000 list designated by the Secretary of State
- Charities accused of ties to terrorism
- State-sponsored terrorism
References
- ^ European Union. Common Position 2005/847/CFSP (PDF). Retrieved on 2006-07-03.
* United States Department of State. Terrorist Exclusion List. Retrieved on 2006-07-03.
* United States Department of State. Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs). Retrieved on 2006-07-03.
* United Kingdom Home Office. Proscribed terrorist groups. Retrieved on 2006-07-03.
* Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada. Entities list. Retrieved on 2006-07-03.
* Australian Government. Listing of Terrorist Organisations. Retrieved on 2006-07-03.
* Arab Times (Kuwait). Terror’ list out; Russia tags two Kuwaiti groups. Retrieved on 2006-08-02. - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
- ^ China issues first ever list of "terrorist" groups, World Tibet Network News, 2003-12-15
- ^ Designation of Fatah al-Islam under Executive Order 13224. US State Department (13 August 2007). Retrieved on 2007-12-05.
- ^ http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/ansar-al-sunna.htm
- ^ Home Office
- ^ Listing of Terrorist Organisations, Australian Government Attorney-General's Department, 27 January 2006. Accessed July 31, 2006.
- ^ Keeping Canadians Safe, Public Security and Emergency Preparedness Canada, National Security, Listed entities. Accessed July 31, 2006.
- ^ "Hamas is listed as a terrorist group in the Criminal Code of Canada." Tibbetts, Janice. Canada shuts out Hamas ,The Montreal Gazette, March 30, 2006.
- ^ "UK Home Office" proscribed-groups
- ^ "Council Decision" Council of the European Union, December 21, 2005
- ^ "Country reports on terrorism", U.S. State Dept., April 27, 2005.
- ^ Karmi, Omar. "What does the Hamas victory mean for nearby Jordan?", The Daily Star, February 18, 2006
- ^ 22 USC 5201(b) - "Therefore, the Congress determines that the PLO and its affiliates are a terrorist organization and a threat to the interests of the United States, its allies, and to international law and should not benefit from operating in the United States."
- ^ Public Law 100-204 regarding the PLO. [1]
- ^ National Review - And a Thief, Too: Yasser Arafat takes what he likes
- ^ Country Reports on Terrorism, 2006
- ^ Designation of National Council of Resistance and National Council of Resistance of Iran under Executive Order 13224
- ^ RESISTANCE GROUP CLAIMS EVIDENCE OF IRANIAN BOMB AMBITIONS
- ^ "Greek far-left group placed on EU 'terrorist' blacklist", EUbusiness, 29 June 2007.
- ^ "Europe wary of banning parties", BBC News, 28 August 2002. Retrieved on 2007-12-05.
- ^ Schmid, Alex; A . J. Jongman (2005). Political terrorism: a new guide to actors, authors, concepts, data bases, theories, and literature. Transaction Publishers, 544.
