Conga drums are a common part of Caribbean music across much of the area
This is a list of membranophones used in the Caribbean music area, including the islands of the Caribbean Sea, as well as the musics of Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Bahamas, and Bermuda. It only includes membranophones that are indigenous to the local music area or are a vital and long-standing part of local culture. It does not include membranophones are, for example, a part of Western style orchestras, nor does it include trap sets and other common membranophones used in popular music recordings of many genres across the world. Almost all membranophones are drums and percussion instruments.[1][2] The Hornbostel-Sachs number is given after each instrument.[3]
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| Aerophones - Chordophones - Idiophones - Membranophones |
| Tradition | Instrument | Description | Other names |
|---|---|---|---|
| agbe | See chekere | - | - |
| Suriname | agida[4][5] 211 |
Afro-Surinamese bass drum that sets the beat for folk music, played with a stick, of the set with apinti and tumao, pitch can be varied based on the location of the head struck, made from hollow logs with heads of skin | - |
| akete | See kété | - | - |
| alcagüete | See alcahuete | - | - |
| Dominican Republic | alcahuete[6] 211 |
One of the smaller drums used in the ensembles called palos | alcagüete |
| amelé | See okónkolo | - | - |
| Suriname | apinti[4][5] 211 |
Principal Afro-Surinamese drum of the set with agida and tumao, tenor drum, decorated with carvings, and used for communication by Surinamese slaves, pitch can be varied based on the location of the head struck, made from hollow logs with heads of skin | - |
| Cuba | arobapá[7] [8] 211.21-814 |
Drum used in Afro-Cuban Abakuá societies, small enkomo drum of the biankomeko ensemble, along with the kuchiyeremá and biapá, and the taller bonkó enchemiyá | endóga |
| Haiti | assotor[9] 211.211 |
Six foot tall cylindrical drum with three windows near the base so the drummer (or pair of drummers can play it easily | - |
| atabales | See palos | - | - |
| Grenada | baboula[10][11] 211.221.1 |
Open-bottomed, goatskin-headed, made from barrels or tree trunks, smaller partner of the tambou, used in the belair dance | - |
| Dominican Republic | balsié[12] 2 |
Small double-headed drum, used in merengue only in the south of the country | - |
| Virgin Islands | bamboula[13] 2 |
Played by two drummers, one using two sticks and the other hands and feet, used in genre of the same name (bamboula) | - |
| bandu | See kbandu | - | - |
| Bonaire and Curaçao | bari[14][15][16] 211.311 |
Single-headed, made from a wooden barrel, often from the herring industry, with a skin frame, played two-handed | - |
| Cuba | barrel drum[8] 211.222.2-7 |
Barrel drum variant of a batá drum, often with the system of lacing replaced by nailing the heads to the drum, most common in Matanzas Province | - |
| Puerto Rico | barriles[17] 211.22 |
Barrel drums, covered with lightly-stretched skins, consists of large buleador drums and smaller subidor drums, used in bomba | buleador, primo, repicador, subidor |
| Guadeloupe | bas a dé fas, tambou[18] 211.212 |
Bass drum, double-headed, played with sticks, used in Carnival, specifically mizik a mas Byé Fò | - |
| Guadeloupe | bas a yon fas, tambou[19][18] 211.221-7 |
Bass barrel drum, one-headed, laced, and played with sticks, used in Carnival, specifically mizik a mas a Sen Jan | - |
| Martinique and Guadeloupe | bas, tambou di[19][20][21] 211.3 |
Small frame drum played with both striking and rubbing, used in indoor music, and quadrilles, ladja and gwo ka, and in the Tamil music of Indo-Caribbean Martinique | boula, tambou di base |
| bas, tambou | See foulé, tambou | - | - |
| bas, tambou | See bas a yon fas, tambou | - | - |
| base, tambou di | See bas, tambou di | - | - |
| Antigua and Barbuda | bass drum[22] 2 |
Bass drum, accompaniment to stilt dancers and Christmas music | - |
| Barbados | bass drum[23] 2 |
Doubled headed drum that keeps the ground rhythm and is slung across the drummers' shoulder, used in tuk bands | - |
| Grenada | bass drum[10] 2 |
Double-headed bass drum, played with a hard stick in one hand for the lower head, and a soft mallet in the other hand for the upper head, used to accompany quadrilles | - |
| Jamaica | bass drum[24][25][26][27][28] 2 |
Bass drum, carried with a strap and leader of marching bands, played with a covered stick in Nyabinghi ceremonies, used in marching bands, and Rastafarian and Maroon music | repeater (Maroon only) |
| Indo-Trinidadian | bass drum[29] 2 |
Used in Muslim Hosay (Hosein) rituals, now widespread among Afro-Trinidadians and others | - |
| Cuba | bass tumbadora[30] 211.22 |
Largest barrel-shaped hand drum of the tumbadora family | true conga |
| Haiti | basse[9] 211.311 |
Goatskin-headed tambourine, used in secular music | - |
| Cuba | batá drums[31][8] 211.26-813 |
Family of three drums: iyá, itótele and okónkolo, used in Lucumi religious rites, all goblet-shaped and with two goatskin heads called tcha-tchás, sometimes with a nut inside (coco-Africano), both for aural and spiritual reasons | - |
| Guyana | batta[32] 2 |
Afro-Guyanese bass drum, used in folk music traditions | - |
| Martinique | bélé[19][33][20][21] 2 |
Single-headed, open-bottomed conical barrel drum with a goatskin head, used in all African-derived Martinican dances and as a symbol of Afro-Martinican identity, including bélé, kalenda, and danmyé, also used to synchronize collective labor in northern Martinique, and is a part of most Martinican rural work songs | - |
| Dominica | bélé, tambou[34] 211.221 |
Single-headed barrel drum, covered at one end by goatskin and played barehanded, accompanies bélé | - |
| Trinidad and Tobago | bemba[29] 211.212.2 |
Cylindrical drums with double skins, smallest of the set with congo and oumalay drums | bembe |
| bembe | See bemba | - | - |
| bench drum | See gumbe | - | - |
| Cuba | biankomeko[7] [8] NA |
Afro-Cuban Abakuá drum ensemble, consisting of four drums: bonkó enchemiyá and enkomo: biapá, arobapá, and kuchiyeremá | - |
| Cuba | biapá[7] [8] 211.21-814 |
Small enkomo drum of the biankomeko ensemble, along with the biapá, arobapá, and kuchiyeremá, and the taller bonkó enchemiyá | tétendóga |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Carriacou (Grenada) and Saint Kitts and Nevis | Big Drum[35] [36] NA |
Music and dance ritual, which includes drums traditionally made of tree trunks, now often of rum kegs | - |
| bigi doon | See gaan doon | - | - |
| Cuba | biola[8] 2 |
Unstrung banjo with a drumhead attached | - |
| Puerto Rico | bomba[37] 2 |
Bass drum, used in genre of the same name (bomba) | - |
| Cuba | bombos[8] 2 |
European-style bass drum, used in comparsa, a pre-Easter procession | - |
| Cuba, Puerto Rico and across the area, especially Guyana | bongo[38][37][30][32] [8] 2 |
Drums of unequal size played in a pair, of Afro-Cuban origin, held between the knees, originally used in Cuban folk music of various kinds | - |
| Cuba | bonkó enchemiyá[7] 211.21-814 |
Largest drum of the biankomeko ensemble, along with the enkomo: biapá, arobapá, and kuchiyeremá | bonko enchemi |
| bonko enchemi | See bonkó enchemiyá | - | - |
| boom | See kettle | - | - |
| boom | See kittle | - | - |
| boom boom | See keg | - | - |
| Guadeloupe | boula[33][19][18][20] 2 |
Hand drum, similar to tambou bèlè and played transversally and single-handed, produces lower sounds and the basic rhythms of the music, used in gwo ka, Carnival, wrestling matches and wakes | - |
| Carriacou | boula[11][10][39] 2 |
Hand drum, formerly made of barrels, now more often rum casks; narrower and lower-tuned cousin of the kata, used in the Big Drum tradition | tambou dibas, bulla, bula |
| Haiti | boula[40][9] 211-7 |
Cowskin hand drum, with the head pegged in place around a decorative collar, used in rada along with segon and manman drums | bula |
| Trinidad and Tobago | boula[29] 211.222-92 |
Double-headed barrel drum, played open handed, drum heads attached with hoops, accompanies kalenda stick fighting | - |
| bula | See boula (Carriacou, Haiti) | - | - |
| bulla | See boula (Carriacou) | - | - |
| Puerto Rico | buleador[17] 211.22 |
Larger, barrel-shaped hand drums, covered with tight animal skin, used in bomba | primo, repicador |
| Cuba | cachimbo[41][39] 2 |
Smallest yuka drum, along with caja and mula | - |
| Cuba | caja[41][39] 2 |
Largest yuka drum, along with cachimbo and mula | - |
| Cuba | catá[39] 2 |
Made from a hollowed out trunk, used in yuka | - |
| Guadeloupe | chan, tambou[19] 2 |
Small and high pitched drums, played with sticks, used in Carnival, specifically mizik a mas a Sen Jan | - |
| circular | See snare drum (Jamaica) | - | - |
| Originally Cuban, now found throughout the Caribbean, especially Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic and Haiti | conga[33][38][38][42][8] 211.221-7 |
Tall, narrow and single-headed barrel drum, played by congueros, traditionally wood, now often fiberglass, animal-skin heads can be tuned; also used in popular genres from salsa to ripsaw | tumbadora, tumba, requinto, quinto, ricardo, niño, supertumba, super quinto, tres golpes, salidor, true conga |
| congo | See petwo | - | - |
| Trinidad and Tobago | congo[29][32] 211.212.2 |
Cylindrical drums with double skins, middle-sized drum of the set with bembe and oumalay drums; since introduced to Guyana | - |
| Dominican Republic | congo[12] 211.21 |
Cylindrical folk drums | - |
| Dominican Republic | conguito[12] 211.21 |
Cylindrical folk drums with a low bass tone, smaller version of the congo | - |
| cot | See kata | - | - |
| cotchíerima | See kuchiyeremá | - | - |
| cut drum | See kata | - | - |
| Trinidad and Tobago | cutter[29] 211.221-92 |
Single-headed barrel drum, played open handed, drum heads attached with hoops, accompanies kalenda stick fighting | - |
| cutter | See kata | - | - |
| Guadeloupe and Martinique | débonda, tambou[19][21] 2 |
Double-headed barrel drum, used in chouval bwa and Carnival music | doumbedoum |
| Indo-Caribbean | dholak[29][43] 2 |
Double-headed drum, used in chutney | - |
| dibass, tambou | See bas, tambou di | - | - |
| French Guiana | djass[44] 2 |
Drum struck with a stick wrapped in cloth (djass tiki), used in aléké | - |
| Guadeloupe | djembe[33] 211.26 |
Skin-covered hand drum, goblet-shaped and played bare-handed, used in gwo ka moderne | - |
| doumbedoum | See dèbonda, tambou | - | - |
| Grenada | dup[10] 2 |
Bass drum made from a cardboard barrel, used in parang | - |
| Cuba | ekué[45] 23 |
Friction drum used in Abakuá ceremonies | - |
| endóga | See arobapá | - | - |
| enko | See enkomo | - | - |
| Cuba | enkomo[7] [8] 211.21-814 |
Small cylindrical, or slightly tapered, goatskin-headed drums of the biankomeko ensemble, consisting of three types: biapá, arobapá, and kuchiyeremá | enko |
| French Guiana | foulé, tambou[19] 2 |
Large drum, used in Creole instrumental ensembles and kaseko | - |
| French drum | See hun | - | - |
| Montserrat | French reel[46] 211.3 |
Goatskin frame drum, played with the back of the hand, front of the fingers and the palm, used in the jumbie dance | jumbie drum (also the tambourine-like babala), woowoo |
| Jamaica | funde[25][26][27][47] 211.211 |
Cylindrical drum, one-headed, held between players' legs and performed by tapping with the hand or fingers, originally used in Burru cult rituals, now also common in Nyabinghi ceremonies | fundeh |
| Guyana | funde[32] 211.21 |
Afro-Guyanese cylindrical drum | - |
| fundeh | See funde | - | - |
| French Guiana | gaan doon[19][44] 2 |
Large bass drum that leads dances, used by the Alukuó Maroons | - |
| Haiti | ganbo[9] 211.211.1 |
Bamboo stomping tubes, sometimes played in groups | - |
| gombay | See gumbe | - | - |
| Bermuda | gombey[48][49] 2 |
Afro-Bermudan drum, related to the Bahamian goombay, used in the genre of the same name (gombey) | - |
| Haiti | gonde[40] 2 |
Cowskin hand drum, played with a hand and a bow, in a set with katabo and tambou manman | - |
| goombah | See gumbe | - | - |
| goombey | See gumbe | - | - |
| Bahamas and Turks and Caicos | goombay[50][42] 2 |
Goatskin-headed drum traditionally made from improvised materials (especially discarded barrels), goatskin is tuned by heating it with a candle, used in the Bahamian genre of the same name (goombay) | - |
| goombay | See gumbe | - | - |
| French Guiana | gragé, tambou[19] 211.3 |
Frame drum, used in Creole dance accompaniment for a dance of the same name (gragé) | - |
| groska | See gwo ka | - | - |
| gumbay | See gumbe | - | - |
| French Guiana and Jamaica | gumbe[51][52][28] 211.3 |
Small Maroon-derived goatskin square-framed drum, introduced to Sierra Leone | gumbay, goombeh, goombah, goombay, gombay, bench drum |
| gumbay | See gumbe | - | - |
| Guadeloupe | gwo ka[33][18][20] 2 |
Family of hand drums, used in lewoz and other traditions, as well as zouk | also used synonymously with ka |
| Jamaica | harp[25] 2 |
Generic term for drums used in ceremonies called grounations; these include the bass drum, funde and kété | - |
| Cuba | hun[8] 2 |
Family of four drums used in the Haitian-Cuban Arada ceremonies, consisting of hugán, xumpé, hun-hogúlo and huní | French drums |
| Cuba | hugán[8] 211.22-861 |
Largest of the four drums used in the Haitian-Cuban Arada ceremonies, along with xumpé, hun-hogúlo and huní | French drum |
| Cuba | hun-hogúlo[8] 211.22-861 |
Second-smallest of the four drums used in the Haitian-Cuban Arada ceremonies, along with hugán, xumpé and huní | French drum |
| Cuba | huní[8] 211.22-861 |
Smallest of the four drums used in the Haitian-Cuban Arada ceremonies, along with hugán, xumpé and hun-hogúlo | French drum |
| Saint Lucia | ich, tambou[53] 2 |
Smaller drum used in Kélé rituals, literally child drum | - |
| ikónkolo | See okónkolo | - | - |
| Cuba | itótele[31] [8] 211.26-813 |
Intermediate-sized batá goblet-shaped drum, made of wood and covered with skin, along with the iyá and okónkolo; wax-like substance called ida or fardela sometimes used to produce a duller sound | - |
| Cuba | iyá[31] [8] 211.26-813 |
Largest batá goblet-shaped drum, made of wood and covered with goatskin, along with the itótele and okónkolo; red wax-like substance called ida or fardela is used to produce a duller sound, wrapped with bells and belts (chaguoro or tchaworo) | - |
| Haiti | juba[9] 211.21-92 |
Shorter and squatter variety of petwo | martinique |
| jumbie drum | See French reel | - | - |
| Guadeloupe | ka[18][20] [21] 2 |
Single-headed drums, used in Carnival, specifically mizik a mas a Kongo | also used synonymously with gwo ka |
| Saint Lucia | ka[53] 211.221 |
Barrel drum, hollow, with a goatskin head, used in various folk forms, including chanté siay, jwé dansé and jwé gém | - |
| ka | See tambou | - | - |
| French Guiana | kanmougé, tambou[19] 2 |
Open-bottomed and single-headed drum, played transversally and carved from a single fragment of wood, used in Creole dance accompaniment for kanmougé and mayouri dances | - |
| Carriacou | kata[11][10][39] 2 |
Hand drum, formerly made of barrels, now more often rum casks; wider and higher-tuned cousin of the boula, used in the Big Drum tradition | cut drum, cutter, cot |
| Haiti | katabo[40] 2 |
Cowskin hand drum, played with two sticks, in a set with gonde and tambou manman | - |
| Jamaica | kbandu[54][47] 2 |
Large, low-pitched, plays a 4/4 rhythm, covered with a goat skin always made from a ram, used in Kumina ceremonies, where it always plays a steady rhythm | bandu |
| Virgin Islands | keg[13] 2 |
Double-headed bass drum, used in masquerades and fife and drum ensembles | boom boom |
| Jamaica | kété[24][25][26][27] 211.21 |
Small skinny cylindrical drum, improvised, used in Nyabinghi celebrations, played with bare hands, also used in dub poetry | akete |
| Montserrat | kettle[46] 211.221 |
Goatskin deep-barreled drum, used in Carnival and other celebrations | boom |
| Antigua and Barbuda | kettle drum[22] 211.11 |
Kettle drum, accompaniment to stilt dancers and Christmas music | - |
| Bermuda | kettle drum[48][49] 211.11 |
Central use in Bermudan traditions, derived from British kettle drum, especially common in gombey | - |
| Virgin Islands | kettle drum[13] 211.11 |
Snare drum, used in fife and drum ensembles | - |
| Cuba | Kimbísa drum[8] 211-864 |
Tall drum with goatskin head, held in place by cords, wedges and hoops, used in the Kimbísa culture | - |
| Guyana | kittle[32] 211.11 |
Kettle drum, used in masquerades | boom |
| French Guiana | koupé, tambou[19] 2 |
Small drum, used in Creole instrumental ensembles and kaseko | - |
| Jamaica | kromanti[26] 211.21 |
Cylindrical drum, used by the Maroons of Moore Town | - |
| Cuba | kuchiyeremá[7] [8] 211.21-814 |
Small enkomo drum of the biankomeko ensemble, along with the arobapá and biapá, and the taller bonkó enchemiyá | cotchíerima |
| Surinamese Maroons | kwakwa[5] 2 |
Bench with a wooden top, played with two sticks, from a squatting position | - |
| Dominica | lapo kabwit[34] NA |
Any kind of Dominican folk drum | - |
| Dominica | lélé, tambou[34] 211.211.2 |
Cylindrical drum, small and wooden with goatskin at one end, strapped across the shoulder and played with two sticks, used in chanté mas | - |
| Haiti | loango[9] 211.21-92 |
Taller and narrower variety of petwo | loangue |
| loangue | See loango | - | - |
| maké | See markeur | - | - |
| makuta | See yuka | - | - |
| makyé | See markeur | - | - |
| Saint Lucia | manman, tambou[53] 2 |
Larger drum used in Kélé rituals, literally mother drum | - |
| Haiti | mamnan, tambou[40][9] 211-7 |
Hand drum with a cowhide head, pegged in place and with a decorated collar, used in many Afro-Haitian musics, used in rada, petwo and other folk traditions | - |
| Haiti | marassas[9] 211.212.2 |
Cylindrical drum that comes in pairs, traditionally made from wood or a two-gallon container with both top and bottom removed and replaced with heads, played with fingers | - |
| Guadeloupe | markeur[33][19][18][20] 2 |
Hand drum, small, high-pitched, played upright and one-handed, and held between the legs, interacts with dancers by responding to movement, used in gwo ka, Carnival, wrestling matches and wakes | makyé, marqueur, maké |
| marqueur | See markeur | - | - |
| martinique | See juba | - | - |
| matrimonial | See wacharaca | - | - |
| Puerto Rico | mayohavau[55] 1 |
Slit drum, originally of Taino origin; not a true drum as it is an idiophone and not a membranophone | - |
| moyen | See segon | - | - |
| Cuba | mula[41][39] 2 |
Intermediate-sized yuka drum, along with caja and cachimbo | - |
| ngoma | See yuka | - | - |
| Cuba | niño[30] 2 |
Smallest drum of the conga family | - |
| Nyabinghi | See kété | - | - |
| Cuba | okónkolo[31][8] 211.26-813 |
Smallest batá goblet-shaped drum, made of wood and covered with skin, along with the itótele and iyá | ikónkolo, amelé |
| Trinidad and Tobago | oumalay[29] 211.212.2 |
Cylindrical drums with double skins, middle-sized drum of the set with bembe and congo drums | - |
| omele | See oumalay | - | - |
| Dominican Republic | palo auxiliar[6] 2 |
One of the smaller drums used in the ensembles called palos | - |
| Dominican Republic | palo major[12] 2 |
Larger folk long drum used singly in ensembles called palos, made from a tree trunk | - |
| Dominican Republic | palo menor[12] 2 |
Smaller folk long drum used singly in ensembles called palos, made from a tree trunk | - |
| Dominican Republic | palos[6] 2 |
Ensembles that include a number of drums, include the types of palo and alcahuete | atabale |
| Puerto Rico | pandereta[30] 211.3 |
Handheld frame drum, used in plena | pandero |
| pandero | See pandereta | - | - |
| Dominican Republic | pandero[12] 211.3 |
Small rural folk frame drum | - |
| Pétro | See petwo | - | - |
| Haiti | petwo[56][9] 211.21-92 |
Cylindrical drum headed with cowskin, attached with cords, comes in two varieties: loango and juba | congo, Pétro |
| French Guiana | pikin doon[19][44] 2 |
Medium-sized drum that supports dancers, played in pairs, with one played solo, and both played bare-handed, used among the Alukuó Maroons | - |
| Jamaica | playing cast[54][47] 2 |
Small, high-pitched, plays complex, syncopated rhythms, covered with a goat skin always made from a ewe, used in Kumina | - |
| playin kya | See playing cast | - | - |
| Suriname | podya[4] 2 |
Small, skin-covered bass drum, common among the rural Afro-Surinamese | - |
| prenting | See kromanti | - | - |
| primo | See subidor | - | - |
| Barbados | pump[23] 2 |
Long drum, made from a hollow tree trunk with goat or sheep skin on either end | - |
| St Maarten | pump[15] 211.31 |
Goatskin frame drum, sometimes played in pairs or larger groups, usually using both hands | - |
| Cuba | quinto[30] [8] 211.221 |
Smallest barrel-shaped hand drum, made out of a box with two sloping sides, of the tumbadora family, plays the most intricate rhythms of the group, not always characterized as a tumbadora or conga drum | - |
| Haiti | rada[56] 2 |
Drum headed with cowskin, attached with wooden pegs | - |
| Haiti | ralé[40] 2 |
Goatskin drum, used alongside tambou manman, used in petwo and YaYa TiKongo rhythms | - |
| rattle | See snare drum (Jamaica) | - | - |
| repeater | See bass drum (Jamaica), snare drum (Jamaica) | - | - |
| repeater | See kété | - | - |
| Jamaica | repeater[47] 2 |
Used in the Burru rituals, now imported to Rastafarian music | - |
| repicador | See subidor | - | - |
| Puerto Rico | requinto drum[57] 211.25 |
Small conical hand drum, improvises over the other drum rhythms, used in plena | - |
| ricardo | See conga | - | - |
| Turks and Caicos and Bahamas (Cat Island only) | ripsaw drum[42] 2 |
Goat- or cow-skin drum, heated to produce a pitch | - |
| round | See snare drum (Jamaica) | - | - |
| Jamaica | rumba box[28] 2 |
Maroon instrument used to accompany social dancing, wooden box with three metal brackets on one side | - |
| Saba | Saba drum[15] 211.3 |
Made from kegs or barrels, and attached to a skin frame secured by wood, rope and pegs | - |
| salidor | See conga | - | - |
| Virgin Islands | scratch band barrel drum[13] 211.222 |
Double-headed barrel drum, used in scratch bands | - |
| second | See segon | - | - |
| Haiti | segon[40][9] 211-7 |
Cowskin hand drum with artistic collars, used in rada along with boula and manman drums | - |
| segundo | See conga | - | - |
| side drum | See snare drum | - | - |
| Suriname | skratji[58][59] 2 |
Large Afro-Surinamese drum with a cymbal on top, used in kaseko | - |
| Bermuda | snare drum[48][49] 2 |
Central use in Bermudan traditions, generally played in pairs, used in gombey | - |
| Barbados | snare drum[23] 2 |
Doubled headed side snare drum, used in tuk bands | kettle |
| Cuba | snare drum[8] 2 |
Snare drum used in comparsa pre-Easter celebrations | - |
| Jamaica | snare drum[24][26][28] 2 |
Snare drum played with wooden sticks, carried with a strap, used in marching bands and Maroon music | side drum, Maroon only: repeater, rattle, round, circular |
| Suriname | snare drum[59] 2 |
Snare drum, used in kaseko | - |
| Cuba | stave drum[8] 211.261.2-813 |
Drum with straight but sloping sides, closest to being a classic goblet drum, variation on a batá drum | - |
| Puerto Rico | subidor[60][17] 211.22 |
Smaller, barrel-shaped hand drums, covered with tight animal skin, used in bomba | primo, repicador |
| super quinto | See conga | - | - |
| supertumba | See conga | - | - |
| Dominican Republic originally, now also common on St Maarten | tambora[15][61][12][6] 211.222 |
Double-headed barrel drum of African origin | - |
| Grenada | tambou[10] 211.221.1 |
Open-bottomed, goatskin-headed, made from barrels or tree trunks, larger partner of the baboula, accompanies the belair dance | - |
| Haiti, Martinique and Guadeloupe | tambou[20][40] 2 |
Generic term for drums | tanbou |
| Puerto Rico | tambour[55] 2 |
Long drum, made from a hollowed-out tree trunk and topped with animal skin | - |
| Haiti | tambourine[9] 212.211 |
Miniature version of the tymbale, beaten with two sticks | - |
| Curaçao | tambú[62][15] 2 |
Long drum, made from a hollow log, used in tambú | tambu |
| tanbou | See tambou | - | - |
| Indo-Trinidadian, now commonplace | tassa[29] 211.11 |
Kettle drum with a goatskin head, used in the Muslim Hosay (Hosein) ritual | - |
| Saint Lucia | tenbal, tambou[53] 2 |
Snare drum, used in cockfights, séwinal, merry-go-rounds, other celebrations | - |
| Jamaica | tenor drum[24] 2 |
Carried with a strap, used in marching bands | - |
| tétendóga | See biapá | - | - |
| Saint Lucia | tibwa[53] 2 |
Wooden sticks, played against the rim of a ka, or against a bamboo tube or a log sitting on a stand | - |
| Cuba and elsewhere | timbales[30] 211.3 |
A drum-set based on the European timpani, and consisting of two metal-frame tunable drums, cowbell, cymbal(s) and sometimes woodblocks, used in salsa music, mambo, danzon and charanga | - |
| Antigua and Barbuda | toombah[22] 2 |
Small drum, decorated with shells and tin | tumtum |
| tres golpes | See conga | - | - |
| Cuba | tres por dos[30] 211.22 |
Medium-sized barrel-shaped hand drum of the tumbadora family | - |
| true conga | See bass tumbadora | - | - |
| Cuba | tumba[30] [8] 211.221-7 |
Largest variety of the conga family, stave drum with a cowskin head | - |
| Cuba | tumbadora[30] 2 |
Cuban conga drum, barrel-shaped hand drum | bass tumbadora, true conga, tres por dos, quinto |
| Suriname | tumao[4] [5] 2 |
Intermediate drum of the set, with agida and apinti, played with one hand, pitch can be varied based on the location of the head struck, made from hollow logs with heads of skin | - |
| tumtum | See toombah | - | - |
| Barbados | tumtum[23] 2 |
Hollowed-out tree trunk with skins at either end | - |
| French Guiana | tun[19] 2 |
Small drum, used among the Alukuó Maroons | - |
| Dominica | twavay, tambou[34] 22 |
Small barrel frame drum, headed with goatskin; a cord with an attached bead is placed on the drumskin to add a buzzing quality to the sound, used to accompany work songs | - |
| Cuba | tymbale[8] 2 |
European-derived twin drum, played using sticks | - |
| Haiti | tymbale[9] 212.212.1 |
Large two-headed hooped drum, carried with a strap and sometimes with an attached board called an assot | - |
| Cuba | uyó[8] 23 |
Abakua friction drum | - |
| Curaçao | wacharaca[15] 2 |
Metal disks attached to a wooden board | matrimonial |
| woowoo | See French reel | - | - |
| Cuba | xumpé[8] 211.22-861 |
Second-largest of the four drums used in the Haitian-Cuban Arada ceremonies, along with hugán, hun-hogúlo and huní | French drum |
| Cuba | yuka[41][39] 2 |
Class of three folk drums: caja, mula, and cachimbo | makuta, ngoma, tambor de yuka |
| Haiti | zesse[9] 211.211 |
Used in the dance of the same name, has a wire stretched across the single goatskin head | - |
References
- Manuel, Peter (1988). Popular Musics of the Non-Western World: An Introductory Survey. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195063341.
- Koskoff, Ellen (2001). The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume 3: The United States and Canada. New York and London: Garland Publishing. ISBN 0824060407.
Notes
- ^ Catherine Schmidt-Jones. Classifying Musical Instruments: Membranophones. Connexions. Retrieved on January 22, 2007.
- ^ 534m Membranophones. SIL. Retrieved on January 4, 2007.
- ^ von Hornbostel, Erich M.; Curt Sachs (March 1961). "Classification of Musical Instruments: Translated from the Original German by Anthony Baines and Klaus P. Wachsmann". The Galpin Society Journal 14: 3-29.
- ^ a b c d Melville J. Herskovits. Suriname folk-lore. Retrieved on March 10, 2007.
- ^ a b c d Goines, Leonard (Spring 1975). "The Black Perspective in Music" 3 (1): 40-44.
- ^ a b c d Malm, Krister (September 1973). "Review of Caribbean Island Music: Songs and Dances of Haiti, the Dominican Republic and Jamaica by John Storm Roberts". Ethnomusicology 17 (3): 587-589.
- ^ a b c d e f Abakuá Drums in Havana. Folk Cuba. Retrieved on March 10, 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Courlander, Harold (April 1942). "Musical Instruments of Cuba". The Musical Quarterly 28 (2): 227-240.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Courlander, Harold (July 1941). "Musical Instruments of Haiti". The Musical Quarterly 27 (3): 371-383.
- ^ a b c d e f =McDaniel, Lorna. "Grenada", Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, pp 865-872.
- ^ a b c Tombstone - Big Drum - Saraca. Paradise Inn. Retrieved on September 10, 2005.
- ^ a b c d e f g Sydney Hutchinson (2006). Dominican Music Overview. Merengue-Ripiao.com. Retrieved on March 6, 2007.
- ^ a b c d "Virgin Islands", Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume Two: South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean.
- ^ Culture: A Rich and Diverse Heritage. Bonaire. Retrieved on November 11, 2006.
- ^ a b c d e f Bilby, Kenneth. "Netherlands Antilles and Aruba", New Grove Encyclopedia of Music.
- ^ Sheehy, Daniel E.. "Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles", Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume Two: South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean, 927-931.
- ^ a b c Nili Belkind. Bomba. National Geographic World Music. Retrieved on March 10, 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f Guilbault, Jocelyne. "Guadeloupe", Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume Two: South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean, pp 873-880.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n French West Indies. New Grove Dictionary of Music. Retrieved on September 27, 2005.
- ^ a b c d e f g Berrian, Brenda F. (2000). Awakening Spaces: French Caribbean Popular Songs, Music, and Culture. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226044564.
- ^ a b c d Cyrille, Dominique (Spring 2002). "Popular Music and Martinican-Creole Identityjournal=Black Music Research Journal" 22 (1): 65-83.
- ^ a b c McDaniel, Lorna. "Antigua and Barbuda", Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume Two: South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean, pp 798 - 800.
- ^ a b c d Millington, Janice. "Barbados", Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume Two: South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean, 813-821.
- ^ a b c d Drums Keep the Beat!. Jamaica Gleaner News (November 13). Retrieved on March 4, 2007.
- ^ a b c d Princes and Dreadlocks. Caribbean Religion. Retrieved on March 4, 2007.
- ^ a b c d e Dickerson, Ronald Eric (1999). Musical Play Across Ethnic Boundaries in Western Jamaica (pdf). Retrieved on March 4, 2007.
- ^ a b c Jason Kahn. Drumming, the Backbone of African and Reggae Music. The Dread Library. Retrieved on March 4, 2007.
- ^ a b c d DjeDje, Jacqueline Cogdell (Spring - Autumn 1998). "Remembering Kojo: History, Music, and Gender in the January Sixth Celebration of the Jamaican Accompong Maroons". Black Music Research Journal 18 (1/2): 67-120.
- ^ a b c d e f g h McDaniel, Lorna. "Trinidad and Tobago", Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume Two: South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean, 952-967.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Instruments. Music of Puerto Rico. Retrieved on March 10, 2007.
- ^ a b c d Mark Corrales. The Bata Drums. Latin American Folk Institute. Retrieved on March 10, 2007.
- ^ a b c d e Al Craighton (2001). African Heritage in Guyana. Retrieved on March 10, 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f Charles de Ledesma and Gene Scaramuzzo (2000). "Dance Funk Creole Style", in Broughton, Simon and Mark Ellingham with James McConnachie and Orla Duane (Eds.): Rough Guide to World Music, Vol. 2. Rough Guides Ltd., pp 289-303. ISBN 1-85828-636-0.
- ^ a b c d Guilbault, Jocelyne. "Dominica", Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume Two: South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean, pp 840-844.
- ^ The Arts and Literature. Cultural Profiles Project. Retrieved on September 27, 2005.
- ^ McDaniel, Lorna (Spring 2002). "Musical Thoughts on Unresolved Questions and Recent Findings in Big Drum Research". Black Music Research Journal 22 (1): 127-139.
- ^ a b Manuel, pgs. 39-42
- ^ a b c Manuel, pgs. 24-36
- ^ a b c d e f g Hill, Donald R. (Spring - Autumn 1998). "West African and Haitian Influences on the Ritual and Popular Music of Carriacou, Trinidad, and Cuba". Black Music Research Journal 18 (1/2): 183-201.
- ^ a b c d e f g Gaston Jean-Baptiste. Tanbou. Haitian Drums. Retrieved on March 10, 2007.
- ^ a b c d Tambor de Yuka. Folk Cuba. Retrieved on March 10, 2007.
- ^ a b c Bowen, David (Summer 2007). "That Sweet Sound: Ripsaw Music and Our Musical Heritage". Times of the Islands. Retrieved on March 10, 2007.
- ^ Ramnarine, Tina K. (1998). "Brotherhood of the Boat: Musical Dialogues in a Caribbean Context". British Journal of Ethnomusicology 7: 1-22.
- ^ a b c Music of French Guiana. Skwiki. Retrieved on March 10, 2007.
- ^ John A. Donahue. Applying Experimental Archaeology to Ethnomusicology: Recreating an Ancient Maya Friction Drum through Various Lines of Evidence. Retrieved on March 10, 2007.
- ^ a b Mesener. "Montserrat", Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume Two: South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean, 922-926.
- ^ a b c d Logan, Wendell (Spring 1982). "Some Aspects of Religious Cult Music in Jamaica". The Black Perspective in Music 10: 85-94.
- ^ a b c Bermuda: In Depth. Frommers. Retrieved on March 10, 2007.
- ^ a b c Irene Smalls. Roots of an African American Christmas Roots of an African-American Christmas. Retrieved on March 10, 2007.
- ^ Art/Music/Dance. Bahamas.com. Retrieved on March 10, 2007.
- ^ Glossary. Creativity and Resistance: Maroon Cultures in the Americas. Retrieved on March 10, 2007.
- ^ Bilby, Kenneth (1983). Kumina: A Congo Based Tradition in the New World. Brussels: Les Cahiers du CEDAF 4: Linguistique. cited in Dickerson, Ronald Eric (1999). Musical Play Across Ethnic Boundaries in Western Jamaica (pdf). Retrieved on March 4, 2007.
- ^ a b c d e Guilbault, Jocelyne. "Saint Lucia", Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume Two: South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean.
- ^ a b National Library of Jamaica. Kumina. History Notes. Retrieved on March 4, 2007.
- ^ a b Puerto Rican Instruments. Puerto Rico Guide. Retrieved on March 10, 2007.
- ^ a b Steward, Sue (2000). "Compass Points", in Simon Broughton, Mark Ellingham, JamesMcConnachie and Orla Duane (Eds.): World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific. Rough Guides, pp 421-429. ISBN 1858286360.
- ^ Puerto Rican Bomba and Plena. Smithsonian Global Sound. Retrieved on March 10, 2007.
- ^ Manuel, Peter (1995). Caribbean Currents: Caribbean Music from Rumba to Reggae. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 1-56639-338-8.
- ^ a b Rein Spoorman. Kaseko. World Music Central. Retrieved on March 10, 2007.
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- ^ Manuel, pgs. 42-46
- ^ Curacao's Culture. Curacao Culture and Folklore. Retrieved on December 3, 2005.
