The Jovians (Latin: Ioviani) and Herculians (Latin: Herculiani) were the senior palatine imperial guard units of the Emperors of the late Roman Empire from the 290s until the 7th century.
History
The name originated in the equation of the two co-emperors Diocletian and Maximian with the pagan gods Jove and Hercules. The old-established Praetorian Guard was based at the Castra Praetoria in Rome, and were in league with the Roman Senate. Thus Diocletian, who ruled from Nicomedia, promoted two faithful legions from the Illyricum (Legio V Iovia and VI Herculia), the area he was also descended from, to be the personal protectors of the Roman Emperors.[1] On their promotion, the two old legions were renamed Ioviani and Herculiani.[1] The Praetorian Guard continued to exist until its abolishment by Constantine I in ca. 312, and replaced as the imperial guard by the Scholae Palatinae. The two legions however continued to be counted among the senior units of the army, and after its division between East and West, they too were divided. In the late 4th century document Notitia Dignitatum, they are listed, for the West (bearing the title seniores), as directly under the command of the magister peditum,[2] and for the East (the iuniores, junior to their counterparts in the West), as being under the command of the magister militum praesentalis.[3] In 398, the Jovians and Herculians of the West were part of the small body that invaded Africa Province and suppressed the Gildonic revolt.
See also
References
- ^ a b Gibbon, Edward. The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire Vol 1 Chapter XIII New Bodies of Guards, Jovians and Herculians
- ^ Notitia Dignitatum, Pars Occidentalis, V
- ^ Notitia Dignitatum, Pars Orientalis, V
