| John Kennedy Toole | |
|---|---|
| Born | December 17 1937 New Orleans, Louisiana |
| Died | March 26 1969 (aged 31) New Orleans, Louisiana |
| Occupation | novelist, teacher, soldier |
| Influences | Charles Dickens |
John Kennedy Toole (December 17, 1937 – March 26, 1969) was an American novelist from New Orleans, Louisiana, best known for his novel A Confederacy of Dunces. Toole's novels remained unpublished during his lifetime. Some years after his death by suicide, Toole's mother brought the manuscript of A Confederacy of Dunces to the attention of the novelist Walker Percy, who ushered the book into print. In 1981 Toole was posthumously awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.
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Life
Toole lived a sheltered childhood in Uptown New Orleans. His mother, Thelma Ducoing Toole, was a charmingly flamboyant but narcissistic woman, who doted on her only child. Toole's father worked as a car salesman and mechanic before succumbing to deafness and failing health, while his mother supplemented the family income with music lessons. After earning an undergraduate degree from Tulane University, Toole received a master's degree at Columbia University, and spent a year as assistant professor of English at the University of Southwestern Louisiana (now UL Lafayette) in Lafayette, Louisiana. Toole's next academic post was in New York, where he taught at Hunter College. Although he pursued a doctorate at Columbia, his studies were interrupted by his being drafted into the U.S. Army in 1961. Toole served two years in Puerto Rico teaching English to Spanish-speaking recruits. After his time in the military, Toole returned to New Orleans to live with his parents and teach at Dominican College. He spent time hanging around the French Quarter with musicians and, on at least one occasion, helped a musician friend with his second job selling tamales from a cart. While at Tulane University, Toole had worked briefly in a men's clothing factory. Both of these experiences inspired memorable scenarios in his comic novel A Confederacy of Dunces. Toole sent the manuscript of his novel to Simon and Schuster. Although there was initial excitement about the book, the publisher eventually rejected it, commenting that the book "isn't really about anything." Toole began to deteriorate after he lost hope of seeing the book published; he considered it a masterpiece. He began to drink heavily and was medicated for headaches; he also stopped teaching at Dominican and quit his doctoral classes at Tulane.
Some biographers have suggested that a factor in his depression was confusion about his sexuality. One friend has suggested that his domineering mother left no emotional room for any other woman in Toole's life. Some friends and relatives of Toole disagree with suggestions that Toole was a homosexual, including David Kubach, a longtime friend who also served with Toole in the army.
The authors of the first biography of Toole to be published were not acquainted with him, and "not knowing him makes a big difference", Kubach said. Toole committed suicide on March 26, 1969, after disappearing from New Orleans, by putting one end of a garden hose into the exhaust pipe of his car and the other into the window of the car in which he was sitting. The suicide note he left was destroyed by his mother, who made conflicting statements as to its general contents. He was buried at Greenwood Cemetery in New Orleans.
Works
After his death, Toole's mother in 1976 insisted that author Walker Percy, by then a faculty member at Loyola University New Orleans, read the manuscript for Dunces. Percy was hesitant at first, but eventually gave in and fell in love with the book. A Confederacy of Dunces was published in 1980, and Percy provided the foreword. The first printing was only 2,500 copies, a number of which were sent to Scott Kramer to pitch around Hollywood. [1] Toole was posthumously awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1981, and the book has sold more than 1.5 million copies in 18 languages. Toole's only other novel is The Neon Bible, which he wrote at age 16 and considered too juvenile a writing attempt to submit for publication while he was alive. However, due to the great interest in Toole, The Neon Bible was published in 1989. The novel was made into a feature film in 1995, and the film was directed by Terence Davies.
Bibliography
Novels by Toole:
- A Confederacy of Dunces, (LSU Press, 1980).
- The Neon Bible, (Grove Press, 1989).
Works about Toole:
- Ronald W. Bell, "The Nihilistic Perspective of John Kennedy Toole," (California State University [Dominguez Hills] M.A. thesis, 2000).
- Joel L. Fletcher, Ken and Thelma: The Story of A Confederacy of Dunces, (Pelican Publishing Company, Gretna, Louisiana, 2005).
- Rene Pol Nevils and Deborah George Handy, Ignatius Rising: The Life of John Kennedy Toole, (LSU Press, 2001).
