Jawi (Arabic: جوي Jăwi) (or Yawi in Pattani) is an adapted Arabic alphabet for writing the Malay language. It is used as one of two official scripts in Brunei for writing Malay, and is employed to a limited extent in Malaysia, in Indonesia, in southern Philippines, in Patani in southern Thailand and in Singapore as well, particularly in religious contexts.
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Introduction
The Jawi alphabet has existed for many centuries in Nusantara (the Malay world). Its development is linked with the arrival of Islam. It consists of mostly Arabic characters along with some extra characters unique to Jawi. The Jawi alphabet is one of the earliest scripts used for writing Malay. Jawi has been in use since the era of the kingdom of Pasai, to the era of the Sultanate of Malacca, Sultanate of Johor and also Acheh and Sultanate of Patani in the 17th century. Evidence of this is found in the Terengganu Inscription Stone (Batu Bersurat Terengganu), dated 1303 A.D. (702H by the Islamic calendar), whereas the earliest use of the Roman alphabet is found near the end of the 19th century. The Jawi script was the official script for Unfederated Malay States during British protectorate. Today, the script is used for religious and Malay cultural administration in Terengganu, Kelantan, Kedah, Perlis and Johor. The Malays in Patani still use Jawi today.
Letters
| Character | Isolated | Initial | Medial | Final | Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ا | ﺍ | ﺎ | alif | ||
| ب | ﺏ | ﺑ | ـﺒ | ـﺐ | ba |
| ت | ﺕ | ﺗ | ـﺘ | ـﺖ | ta |
| ث | ﺙ | ﺛ | ـﺜ | ـﺚ | tsa |
| ج | ﺝ | ﺟ | ـﺠ | ـﺞ | jim |
| ح | ﺡ | ﺣ | ـﺤ | ـﺢ | hha |
| چ | ﭺ | ﭼ | ـﭽ | ـﭻ | ca |
| خ | ﺥ | ﺧ | ـﺨ | ـﺦ | kha |
| د | د | ـد | dal | ||
| ذ | ﺫ | ـذ | dzal | ||
| ر | ﺭ | ـر | ra | ||
| ز | ﺯ | ـز | zai | ||
| س | ﺱ | ﺳ | ـﺴ | ـﺲ | sin |
| ش | ﺵ | ﺷ | ـﺸ | ـﺶ | syin |
| ص | ﺹ | ﺻ | ـﺼ | ـﺺ | shad |
| ض | ﺽ | ﺿ | ـﻀ | ـﺾ | dhad |
| ط | ﻁ | ﻃ | ـﻄ | ـﻂ | tho |
| ظ | ﻅ | ﻇ | ـﻈ | ـﻆ | zho |
| ع | ﻉ | ﻋ | ـﻌـ | ـﻊ | ain |
| غ | ﻍ | ﻏ | ـﻐـ | ـﻎ | ghain |
| ڠ | ڠ | ڠـ | ـڠـ | ـڠ | nga |
| ف | ﻑ | ﻓ | ـﻔ | ـﻒ | fa |
| ڤ | ﭪ | ﭬ | ـﭭ | ـﭫ | pa |
| ق | ﻕ | ﻗ | ـﻘ | ـﻖ | qaf |
| ك | ﻙ | ﻛ | ـﻜ | ـﻚ | kaf |
| ڬ | ڬ | ڬـ | ـڬـ | ـڬ | gaf |
| ل | ﻝ | ﻟ | ـﻠ | ـﻞ | lam |
| م | ﻡ | ﻣ | ـﻤ | ـﻢ | mim |
| ن | ﻥ | ﻧ | ـﻨ | ﻦ | nun |
| و | ﻭ | ـو | wau | ||
| ۏ | ۏ | ـۏ | va | ||
| ه | ﻩ | ﻫ | ـﻬ | ﻪ | ha |
| ي | ﻱ | ﻳ | ـﻴـ | ﻲ | ya |
| ڽ | ڽ | پـ | ـپـ | ـڽ | nya |
| ء | ء | ء | hamzah |
- Letters with no initial and middle forms adopt the isolated form, because they cannot be joined with other letter (ا، د، ذ، ر، ز، و، ۏ،ء)
- The letter "hamzah" only present in isolated form in malay language.
Sample text in Malay (Latin alphabet)
Semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan samarata dari segi kemuliaan dan hak-hak. Mereka mempunyai pemikiran dan perasaan hati dan hendaklah bertindak di antara satu sama lain dengan semangat persaudaraan.
Sample text in Malay (Jawi alphabet)
.سموا مأنسيا دلاهيرکن بيبس دان سامرات دري سڬي کمولياءن دان حق٢. مريك ممڤوڽاءي ڤميکيرن دان ڤراساءن هاتي دان هندقله برتيندق دانتارا ساتو سام لاءين دڠن سماڠت ڤرساوداراءن
Translation
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Further reading
- H.S. Paterson (& C.O. Blagden), 'An early Malay Inscription from 14th-century Terengganu', Journ. Mal. Br.R.A.S., II, 1924, pp. 258-263.
- R.O. Winstedt, A History of Malaya, revised ed. 1962, p. 40.
- J.G. de Casparis, Indonesian Paleography, 1975, p. 70-71.
External links
- Omniglot article about written Malay
- Roman Jawi converter and Jawi script download page
- eJawi.net
- The easy way to write in Jawi
