James (or Jim or Jimmy) Thompson is the name of:
- Floyd James Thompson (1933 – 2002), America's longest-held POW; spent almost 9 years in POW camps in Vietnam
- James Thompson (clockmaker) (1776-1825) maker of longcase clocks
- James Thompson (fighter) (born 1978), a professional mixed martial arts fighter from England.
- James Thompson (footballer), English footballer, manager and scout
- James Thompson (martyr) (died 1582), a Catholic priest hanged under Elizabeth I
- James Thompson (poet) (1700-1748), Scottish poet
- James Thompson (jurist) (1806-1874), a congressman and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania
- James Thompson (racing driver) (born 1974), a British racing driver
- James Thompson (Wisconsin), a candidate for US Senate in 1920
- James Thompson (VC) (1820-1891), recipient of the Victoria Cross
- James Thompson (1849-1921), American Civil War soldier and Medal of Honor recipient
- James Burleigh Thompson, Jr., geologist, winner of the Day Medal
- James D. Thompson (1920 – 1973), author of Organizations in Action
- James Lawton Thompson, 20th century bishop of Bath and Wells
- James R. Thompson (born 1936), a governor of Illinois and member of the 9/11 Commission
- James R. Thompson, Jr., former director of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center (1986-1989)
- James Richard (Jimmy) Thomson (1927-1991), Canadian ice hockey player
- Jim Thompson (writer) (1906-1977), American pulp fiction writer
- Jim Thompson (Editor) (born 1970), Television and Film editor
- Jim Thompson (designer) (born 1906), revived the Thai silk industry
- Jim Thompson (powerboat racing), manager of three-time Harmsworth Trophy winner Miss Supertest III
- Jimmy Thompson (actor), British actor
- Jimmy Thompson (music) or "Uncle Jimmy" (1848-1931), country music pioneer

