| عبدالعزيز آل سعود `Abd al-`Azīz Āl Sa`ūd |
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| House of Saud |
| `Abd al-`Azīz ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Faisal ibn Turki ibn Abdallah ibn Muhammad ibn Saud Al Sa`ūd |
| Offspring |
(More than Sixty offspring) |
`Abd al-`Azīz Āl Sa`ūd, King of Saudi Arabia ( 1880 – November 9, 1953) (Arabic: عبدالعزيز آل سعود) was the first monarch of Saudi Arabia. His full name was `Abd al-`Azīz Ibn Abdur Rahman Al-Feisal Āl Sa`ūd [1]. In the West, he was referred to as Ibn Saud, a much abbreviated form of his name [2]. He was born in Riyadh into the House of Su'ūd (commonly transliterated Saud), which had followed the Wahhabi sect of Islam since the 18th century and had historically maintained dominion over the interior highlands of Arabia known as the Najd. He was a warrior-statesman. Ibn Saud died in Taif. jd in 1912 with the help of an organized and well-trained army. In that year he founded the Ikhwan, a militant religious organization which was to assist in his Ibn Sa'ūd did not, however, immediately make war against Ibn Rashid, despite a steady supply of weapons and cash (£5,000 Sterling per month) from the British. He argued with the British that the payment he received was insufficient to adequately wage war against an enemy as powerful as Ibn Rashid. In 1920, however, Ibn Sa'ūd finally marched again against the Rashidis, extinguishing their dominion in 1922. The defeat of the Rashidis doubled the territory of the Ibn Sa'ūd, and he was able to negotiate a new treaty with the British at Uqair in 1922, abolishing the 1915 protection agreement in return for Ibn Saud's agreement not to attempt to expand his state's borders into British protectorates on the Gulf Coast. British subsidies continued until 1924. In 1925 the Sa'ūds captured the holy city of Mecca from Sherif Hussein ibn Ali ending 700 years of Hashemite tutelage of the Islamic holy places. On 10 January 1926, Ibn Saud was proclaimed King of the Hejaz in the Great Mosque at Mecca. On May 20, 1927, following the defeat of Husayn, the British government signed the Treaty of Jedda that recognized the independence of the Hejaz and Najd, over much of what is today Saudi Arabia, with the Saud family as its rulers. At this point, Ibn Saud changed his title from Sultan of Nejd to King of Nejd. Initially the two parts of his dominians (Nejd in the east and Hejaz in the west) were administered separately. From 1927 to 1932 Ibn Saud continued to consolidate power throughout the Arabian Peninsula. In March 1929 he defeated elements of the Ikhwan, which had disobeyed his orders to cease raiding and had invaded Iraq against his wishes, at the Battle of Sbilla. In 1932, having conquered most of the Peninsula, Saud renamed the area from the lands of Nejd and Hejaz to Saudi Arabia. He then proclaimed himself King of Saudi Arabia.
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Oil and the rule of Ibn Saud
Oil was discovered in Saudi Arabia in 1938, and Ibn Saud through his adviser St. John Philby granted substantial authority over Saudi oil fields to American oil companies. In the early days of the oil boom most oil revenues received by the government of Saudi Arabia were immediately directed to the coffers of the royal family. As the income from oil grew, however, Ibn Saud began to spend some revenues on improving the lives of his subjects. Saud forced many nomadic tribes to settle down and abandon "petty wars" and vendettas. He also began to fight crime in Saudi Arabia, particularly crime against pilgrims visiting the holy cities of Mecca and Medina.
Foreign wars
Ibn Saud positioned Saudi Arabia as neutral in World War II, but was generally considered to favour the Allies.[3] In 1948 Saud participated in the Arab-Israeli war. The contribution of Saudi Arabia was generally considered token.[4]
Family and succession
The number of children that Ibn Saud fathered are unknown, and estimates range from about 50 to over 60. They include: (names of Kings in bold) Succession to Saudi Arabia's throne has been a process that has, to a large extent, excluded all but the senior members of the Al Saud. Male progeny, with tenure in senior government positions, whose mothers were King Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud's wives and from prominent peninsula based families and tribes, and who have shown both the willingness and ability to build the necessary consensus from other wings in the family are, in theory, the most eligible candidates.
- By Wadha bint Muhammad al-Hazzam
- Turki (I) (1900-1919)
- Saud (January 12, 1902 - February 23, 1969); reigned 1953-1964
- Muneera
- By Tarfah bint Abdullah al-Shaikh Abdul-Wahab
- By Jauhara bint Musa'd Al Saud
- By Bazza (the first wife named Bazza)
- Nasser (born 1919-1984)
- By Jauhara bint Sa'ad al-Sudairi
- Saad (II) (1920 - 1993)
- Musa'id (born 1923
- Abdul Mohsin (1925-1985)
- By Hassa bint Ahmad al-Sudairi
These are known as the "Sudairi Seven") - By Shahida
- By Fahda bint Asi al-Shuraim
- Abdullah (born August 1924); current king, since 2005
- Nuf
- Sita
- By Bazza (the second wife named Bazza)
- By Haya bint Sa'ad al-Sudairy (1913 - April 18, 2003)
- Badr (I) (1931-1932)
- Badr (II) (born 1933)
- Hussa died in 2000
- Abdalillah (born 1935)
- Abdul Majeed (1943-2007)
- Nura
- Mishail
- By Munaiyir
- By Mudhi
- Majed (II) (October 19, 1938 - April 12, 2003)
- Sattam (born January 21, 1941)
Haya Sultana
- By Nouf bint al-Shalan
- Thamir (1937 - June 27, 1959)
- Mamduh (born 1940)
- Mashhur (born 1942)
- By Saida al-Yamaniyah
- Hidhlul (born 1941)
- By Baraka al-Yamaniyah
- Muqran (born September 15, 1945)
- By Futayma
- Hamad (1947-1994)
- By ??
- Fahd (I) (1905-1919)
- Sara (1916 - June 2000)
- Shaikha (born 1922)
- Majeed (I) (1934-1940)
- Talal (I) (1930-1931)
- Jiluwi (I)(1942-1944)
- Abdul Salem (1941-1942)
- Jiluwi (II) (1952-1952) Was the youngest son of Ibn Saud but died as an infant.
All of these carry the surname "bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud" for men and "bint Abdul Aziz Al Saud" for women. Ibn Saud is the father of all the Kings of Saudi Arabia that have succeeded him. Malik Saud succeeded his father as regent of Saudi Arabia in 1953, three months after being appointed Prime Minister by his father. In 1964 King Malik Saud was deposed by the Saudi Council of Ministers and succeeded by King Faisal, another of Ibn Saud's sons. Faisal was followed by three further sons, Malik Khalid, Malik Fahd and Abdullah of Saudi Arabia Malik Abdullah. According to the Saudi Basic Law of 1992, the King (Malik) of Saudi Arabia must be a son or grandson of Ibn Saud.
References
- DeGaury, Gerald.
- DeNovo, John A. American Interests and Policies in the Middle East 1900-1939 University of Minnesota Press, 1963.
- Eddy, William A. FDR Meets Ibn Saud. New York: American Friends of the Middle East, Inc., 1954.
- Iqbal, Dr. Sheikh Mohammad. Emergence of Saudi Arabia (A Political Study of Malik Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud 1901-1953). Srinagar, Kashmir: Saudiyah Publishers, 1977.
- Long, David. Saudi Arabia Sage Publications, 1976.
- Aaron David Miller; Search for Security: Saudi Arabian Oil and American Foreign Policy, 1939-1949 University of North Carolina Press. 1980.
- Philby, H. St. J. B. Saudi Arabia 1955.
- Rentz, George. "Wahhabism and Saudi Arabia". in Derek Hopwood, ed., The Arabian Peninsula: Society and Politics 1972.
- Rihani, Ameen. Ibn Sa'oud of Arabia. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin Company, 1928.
- Sanger, Richard H. The Arabian Peninsula Cornell University Press, 1954.
- Benjamin Shwadran, The Middle East, Oil and the Great Powers, 3rd ed. (1973)
- Troeller, Gary. The Birth of Saudi Arabia:Britain and the Rise of the House of Sa'ud. London: Frank Cass, 1976.
- Twitchell, Karl S. Saudi Arabia Princeton University Press, 1958.
- Van der D. Meulen; The Wells of Ibn Saud. London: John Murray, 1957.
External links
Notes
- ^ Current Biography 1943, pp330-34
- ^ "ibn Saud" or "bin Saud", meaning 'son of Saud', was a sort of title borne by previous heads of the House of Saud, similar to a Scottish clan chief's title of "the MacGregor" or "the MacDougall". When used without comment it refers solely to `Abd al-`Azīz. (See Robert Lacey, The Kingdom (NY, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1981), p. 15)
- ^ A Country Study: Saudi Arabia. Library of Congress Call Number DS204 .S3115 1993. Chapter 5. World War II and Its Aftermath
- ^ A Country Study: Saudi Arabia. Library of Congress Call Number DS204 .S3115 1993. Chapter 5. World War II and Its Aftermath
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Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia
House of Saud
Born: 1880 Died: 1953 |
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| Preceded by Ali bin Hussein |
King of Hejaz 1926-1932 |
Succeeded by himself as King of Saudi Arabia |
| Preceded by himself as King of Hejaz and sultan of Najd |
King of Saudi Arabia 1932-1953 |
Succeeded by Saud bin Abdul-Aziz |
| Preceded by Abdul Rahman bin Faisal Al Saud |
Head of the House of Saud 1901-1953 |
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| Ibn Saud • Saud • Faisal • Khalid • Fahd • Abdullah |  |
King Abdulaziz (Ibn Saud) •
