High Intensity Training (HIT) is a form of strength training popularized in the 1970s by Arthur Jones of Nautilus and MedX fame. "Everything of any value related to exercise can be stated in less than a thousand words, can, in fact, be fairly well covered in only a few words, as follows: Train hard, Train briefly, Train infrequently, and always remember that your final results will primarily be a consequence of genetics" -Arthur Jones Jones and his MedX company, created the first ever machine that was capable of measuring strength, and the first machine that was capable of exercising the lumbar muscles of the lower back.
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Principles of HIT
The fundamental principles of High Intensity Training (HIT) are that exercise should be brief, infrequent, and intense. Exercises are performed with a high level of effort, or intensity, where it is thought that it will stimulate the body to produce an increase in muscular strength and size. Advocates of HIT believe that this method is superior for strength and size building than most other methods which, for example, may stress lower weights with larger volume (reps). As strength increases, HIT techniques will have the weight/resistance increased progressively where it is thought that it will provide the muscles with adequate overload to stimulate further improvements. In HIT, it is known that there is an inverse relationship between how intensely and how long one can exercise. As a result, high intensity workouts are generally kept brief. After a High Intensity workout, as with any workout, the body requires time to recover and produce the responses stimulated during the workout, so there is more emphasis on rest and recovery in the HIT philosophy than in most other weight training methods. In any workout, not just HIT, training schedules should allow adequate time between workouts for recovery (and adaptation). While many typical HIT programs comprise a single-set per exercise, tri-weekly, full-body workout, many variations exist in specific recommendations of set and exercise number, workout routines, volume and frequency of training. The common thread is an emphasis on a high level of effort, relatively brief and infrequent (i.e. not daily) training, and the cadence of a lift, which will be very slow compared to a non-HIT weight training routine. Most HIT advocates stress the use of controlled lifting speeds and strict form, with special attention paid to avoiding any bouncing, jerking, or yanking of the weight or machine movement arm during exercise. Variations of HIT will vary in advice from lifting the weights smoothly but at a natural pace, others will time the lift, peak hold and descent. In extreme cases, it may take up to 30 seconds to complete a single repetition. While high intensity training is strongly associated with Nautilus exercise equipment, advocates vary in their equipment recommendations. Also emphasized when near exhaustion, doing static holds for periods of time, and negative reps (lowering the weight) are all methods to further exhaust the muscles or muscles exercised, and it is thought that this will stimulate further growth and strength.[vague] Another important factor in exercise is how internal muscular friction will affect you. Everything in the universe that has both mass and motion has friction. Your muscle has mass, and it moves, therefore it will have friction. This friction will hurt you when performing positive work(lifting the weight) and will help you when performing negative work(lowering the weight). A clear example to help one understand this would be a car. When a car is accelerating, friction keeps it from continuing to accelerate to the speed of light. The car accelerating is an example of positive work. When the car is stopping, friction helps it, stopping the car is an example of negative work. Every individual on the planet has three distinct levels of strength at any given time. Positive strength, negative strength, and static strength. Your positive strength is lower due to friction, and your negative strength is higher due to friction. Therefore static strength represents your "true" level of strength. Many people have realized this when they noticed that they could lower more weight than they could lift. This friction increases as speed increases, and also as fatigue increases. This friction gives you the ability to fatigue your muscle much more effectively when using negative only training. You should use a higher weight than your 1 rep max and only do enough reps so that you can't completely control the weight while lowering it. You will generate much more fatigue in a shorter amount of time, therefore stimulating greater growth. Arthur Jones proved this while training Casey Viator during the Colorado Experiment. Casey Viator gained 63 lbs of muscle in 28 days.
Controversy
It is also important to note that there are a large number of skeptics who dispute the methodologies and results claimed by HIT advocates. [1] Essentially, HIT violates much conventional "wisdom" in weight training, by always using a weight that one can lift 8-12 times, using 4 second negatives, and so on, it has flown in the face of the exercise establishment. In the first few years, HIT became increasingly extreme. At least one form of HIT designed by Mike Mentzer was thought to be so brief and intense that only a very advanced bodybuilder with tremendous genetics could hope to get results from it. Practical application of Mentzer's principles on HIT prove this to be false, with hundreds of "everyday" practitioners making better results than they had ever before using the "traditional" methods of training. In subsequent decades the routines have been refined by HIT Jedi (a nickname some have given the advocates of HIT), and some have evolved into HIT-based systems that tend to produce more consistent results for recreational bodybuilders and athletes of average genetic potential. And indeed, many HIT routines can be customized for any particular body type. One of the most interesting controversies surrounding HIT relates to its development, and its originality. Near the close of the 19th century, a medical doctor by the name of Gustav Zander developed a complete set of machines similar to Nautilus and also a workout method remarkably close to that promoted by Arthur Jones in the early 1970s. Jones once stated:
- "So, in attempts to improve my exercise results, I designed and built a total of about twenty very sophisticated exercise machines, then believing that these were the first exercise machines ever built by anybody. But many years later, I learned that a doctor named Gustav Zander had designed and built a number of exercise machines in Europe nearly a hundred years before I built my first one; I did not copy Zander's work and learned nothing from him, was not even aware of his work until long after I had made the same discoveries that he had made. But if I had known about, and understood, Zander's work, it would have saved me a lot of time and a rather large fortune in money, because the man was a genius; his only problem was that he lived about a century ahead of his time, at a time when very few people cared about exercise and even fewer knew anything about it."
Regardless of who originally developed the systems (and machines) it is clear that through Arthur Jones and his company and a crew of HIT advocates, the principles and concepts of HIT became popularized.
Compare HIT to popular routines
HIT will target a single body part with a single exercise, and generally a single set of 8 to 12, done to momentary muscular failure. HIT routines consist of whole-body workouts as opposed to the more popular split-routine. A more conventional routine will target a single body parts with 1-3 exercises, with 3-5 sets of 6-12 repetitions. Cadence is supposed to be smooth, but not always super-slow. If done correctly the 'time under tension' or the actual amount of time a muscle is working in a HIT routine compared to a 'typical' weight training routine, the amount of time would be very similar or in some cases greater, though it is unknown to the author if there are any actual studies or other neutral findings that this is the actual case, it certainly is a common belief amongst the HIT faithful. HIT stresses intensity over repetition. Many weightlifters will use a HIT routine to help break a 'plateau' - meaning they will use HIT temporarily when another routine stops giving desired results*. Some HIT trainees will use HIT exclusively as well - Arthur Jones himself believed HIT was all that was required.
- Many people feel that alternating amongst several types of exercise routines is all part of a well rounded training program, and HIT is one among many types of useful routines to be used non-exclusively.
Rest-pause: Mr. Universe Mike Mentzer achieved his lifetime best condition from performing rest-pause, an old system of lifting involving single-rep maximums interspersed with brief (10-20 second) rest periods. Rest-pause has the advantages of old-school power training while also allowing for enough overall reps to be performed for hypertrophy and cardio purposes.
References
- ^ Carpinelli, Ralph N.; Otto, Robert M.; Winett, Richard; (2004-06). "A critical analysis of the ACSM position stand on resistance training: Insufficient evidence to support recommended training". Journal of Exercise Physiology online 7 (3). ISSN 1097-9751. Retrieved on 2007-07-01.
See also
- High-intensity interval training, an aerobic exercise technique.
HIT publications
- Rob Spector: The HIT FAQ
- Stuart McRobert: Brawn and Beyond Brawn
- Mike Mentzer: Heavy Duty 2 and High-Intensity Training the Mike Mentzer Way.
- Matt Brzycki: A Practical Approach to Strength Training
- Ellington Darden: The New High Intensity Training : The Best Muscle-Building System You've Never Tried
- John Philbin: High-Intensity Training
