Georg Wilhelm Steller (March 10, 1709 - November 14, 1746) was a German botanist, zoologist, physician and explorer, who worked in Russia and present-day Alaska. Steller was born in Windsheim, near Nuremberg, son to Johann Jakob Stöhler (after 1715, Stöller) and studied at the University of Wittenberg. He then traveled to Russia to work at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, arriving in November 1734. Steller was appointed as naturalist on Vitus Bering's Second Kamchatka Expedition, to chart the Siberian coast of the Arctic Ocean and search an eastern passage to North America. He left St. Petersburg in January 1738, eventually reaching Okhotsk on the east coast in August 1740. It was here that he met Bering for the first time. In September the expedition sailed to the Kamchatka Peninsula. Steller spent the winter in Bolsheretsk, where he helped to organize a local school. He was then appointed to join Bering on the voyage to America. The expedition landed in Alaska at Kayak Island on Monday, July 20th, 1741, staying only long enough to take on fresh water. During this time Steller became the first European naturalist to describe a number of North American plants and animals, including a jay later named Steller's Jay. On the return journey the expedition was shipwrecked on what later became known as Bering Island. Here Bering died, and almost half of the crew perished from scurvy. The remaining men settled in to survive the winter, the camp plagued by Arctic Foxes. During this time Steller wrote De Bestiis Marinis, describing the fauna of the island, including the Northern Fur Seal, the Sea Otter, Steller's (or Northern) Sea Lion, Steller's Sea Cow, Steller's Eider and Spectacled Cormorant. Both the Sea Cow and the Cormorant were later hunted to extinction. In the spring the crew constructed a new vessel to return to Avacha Bay. Steller spent the next two years exploring the Kamchatka peninsula. He was recalled to St Petersburg but caught a fever on the journey and died at Tyumen. His journals did reach the Academy and were published by Peter Simon Pallas. They were used by future explorers of the North Pacific, including Captain Cook. The standard botanical author abbreviation Steller is applied to species he described. There is a secondary school in Anchorage, Alaska named after him: see Steller Secondary School. Animals and plants named after Georg Steller include:
- Steller's Eider
- Steller's Jay
- Steller's Sea Cow
- Steller's Sea Eagle
- Steller's Sea Lion
- Cryptochiton stelleri, the Gumboot chiton
- Artemisia stelleriana, a species of wormwood
References
- Barbara and Richard Mearns - Biographies for Birdwatchers ISBN 0-12-487422-3
- Leonhard Stejneger - Georg Wilhelm Steller, the pioneer of Alaskan natural history. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard university press, 1936.
Sources
- Steller's 1741 expedition from Kamchatka is covered in Orcutt Frost's Bering: the Russian discovery of America (Yale UP, 2004).
- An English translation of Steller's De bestiis marinis (1751) is online here
- Steller is also the subject of the second section of W. G. Sebald's book-length poem, After Nature (2002).
External links
- (Russian) Commander (Komandorskie) Islands
- (Russian) Steller, Georg Wilhelm
- De Bestiis Marinis, or, The Beasts of the Sea (1751) English translation online edition
