| Culture of Romania |
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Romanian language |
A feature of Romanian culture is the special relationship between folklore and the learned culture, determined by two factors. First, the rural character of the Romanian communities resulted in an exceptionally vital and creative traditional culture. Folk creations (the best known is the ballad Mioriţa) were the main literary genre until the 18th century. They were both a source of inspiration for cultivated creators and a structural model. Second, for a long time learned culture was governed by official and social commands and developed around courts of princes and boyars, as well as in monasteries.
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Characteristics
The most striking thing about Romanian culture is the strong folk traditions which have survived to this day due to the rural character of the Romanian communities, which has resulted in an exceptionally vital and creative traditional culture. Romania's rich folk traditions have been nourished by many sources, some of which predate the Roman occupation. Traditional folk arts include wood carving, ceramics, weaving and embroidery of costumes, household decorations, dance, and richly varied folk music. Ethnographers have tried to collect in the last two centuries as many elements as possible: the Museum of the Romanian Peasant and the Romanian Academy are currently the main institutions which systematically organise the data and continue the research. Wood used to be the main construction material, and heavily ornamented wooden objects were common in old houses. In Maramureş wood was used to create impressive structures such as churches or gates, in Dobruja windmills were made of wood, and in mountainous regions hardwood was used even for covering the roof. To preserve traditional houses many village museums have been created in the last century throughout Romania, such as the Village Museum in Bucharest, the Traditional Popular Civilisation ASTRA Museum in Sibiu or the Oltenian Village Museum in Râmnicu Vâlcea.
Linen was the most common material for clothing, combined with wool during the winter or colder periods. These are embroidered with traditional motifs that vary from region to region. Black is the most common colour used, but red and blue are predominant in certain areas. Traditionally, men wore a white shirt and pants (if made of wool they are called iţari) with wide a leather belt, usually over the shirt, and a vest sometimes made of leather and embroidered. They wore either boots or a simple shoe made of leather and tied around the foot called opincă and they wore a hat which differs in design from region to region. Women also wore a white skirt and a shirt with a vest. They wore an apron called şorţ or cătrinţă which is also embroidered and a headscarf called basma;on special occasions they wore more elaborate outfits. Music and dance represent a lively part of the Romanian folklore and there are a great variety of musical genres and dances. Party music is very lively and shows both Balkan and Hungarian influences. Sentimental music, however, is the most valued, and Romanians consider their doina (a sad song either about one's home or about love, composed like an epic ballad) unique in the world. Maria Tănase is considered to be one of the greatest Romanian folk singers and today Grigore Leşe and Taraful Haiducilor are two of the most famous musicians. The dances are lively and are practiced throughout Romania by a large number of professional and amateur groups, thus keeping the tradition alive; Hora is one of the most famous group dances but men's folk dances such as căluşari are extremely complex and have been declared by UNESCO to be "Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritages of Humanity". Romanians have had, from time immemorial, a myriad of customs, tales and poems about love, faith, kings, princesses, and witches. Ethnologists, poets, writers and historians have tried in recent centuries to collect and to preserve tales, poems, ballads and have tried to describe as well as possible the customs and habits related to different events and times of year. Customs related to certain times of year are the colinde - Romanian Christmas carols, sorcova on New Year's Eve or the Mărţişor custom on the 1st of March marking the spring. Other customs are presumably of pre-Christian pagan origin, like the Paparuda rain enchanting custom in the summer, or the masked folk theatre or Ursul (the bear) and Capra (the goat) in winter. Perhaps the most successful collector of folk tales was the novelist and storyteller Ion Creangă, who, in very picturesque language, shaped into their now-classic form stories like Harap Alb (roughly, "The White Prince") or Fata babei şi fata moşului (roughly, "The old woman's girl and the old man's girl"). Also, the poet Vasile Alecsandri published the most successful version of the ballad Mioriţa (The Little Ewe), a sad, philosophical poem, centered around a simple action: the plot by two shepherds to kill a third shepherd because they envied his wealth. Another prolific editor of folk tales was Petre Ispirescu, who, in the 19th century published an impressive number of volumes containing a large number of short novels and tales from popular mythology. They are centered around popular characters like the prince Făt-Frumos (the Romanian "Prince Charming"), the princess Ileana Cosânzeana, the villain or monster Zmeu or Căpcăun, the dragon Balaur or fantastic superbeings like the good Zână and the evil Muma Pădurii.
Places
- Apa Sâmbetei
- Apa Vie/Apa Moartă
- Sorbul Pǎmântului
Folk tales
- Mioriţa
- Meşterul Manole (Manole the Craftsman)
Romanian myths part of international culture
- Vampire - See strigoi and moroi, which are more phantom- or wizard-like creatures.
- Werewolf (Vârcolac)
- Şobolan - A giant rat similar to the SA capybara. Rural Romanian folklore attributes the şobolan human characteristics.
Rituals
Fairy tales
Personages
- Baba Dochia
- Balaur (a type of dragon)
- Baubau, variant form Babau (similar to the Bogeyman)
- Căpcăun (an ogre)
- Căţelul Pământului
- Fata Pădurii
- Ileana Cosânzeana
- Iele
- Luceafăr - similar to Lucifer
- Moroi (a type of vampire)
- Moşul (the old man)
- Muma Pădurii
- Pricolici (a werewolf or demon)
- Rohmani (or Blajini)
- Samca
- Solomonari
- Sânziana (or Drăgaică)
- Spiriduş (a sprite)
- Stafie - similar to Ghost
- Strigoi (a vampire or zombie)
- Uniilă (a devil )
- Uriaş - similar to Giant
- Ursitoare - similar to the Fates
- Vasilisc - similar to Basilisk
- Vâlva
- Vântoase (spirits of the wind)
- Vârcolac (werewolf or goblin)
- Zână (fairy)
- Zburător
- Zorilă
- Zmeu
Heroes
- Ber-Căciulă
- Doamna Neaga
- Făt-Frumos
- Ileana Cosânzeana
- Greuceanu
- Iovan Iorgovan
- Ler Imparat
- Luana
- Baba Novac
List of folk dances
- Bătute
- Brâul (Braul), Sash dance
- Buciumeana, hornpipe dance
- Căluşari (Calusari, Calus (Calusul)
- Ciuleandra
- Hora a circle dance
- Geamparale
- Joc
- Joc cu bâta (Jocul cu bâta, Joc cu bata), Joc with stick
- Mărunţel
- Periniţa, translated as "Little pillow", a dance of wedding traditions, a.k.a. Handkerchief Joc
- Pe loc (Pe Loc), "On Spot", a stomping dance
- Poarga românescă (Romanian polka)
- Sârba
- Tropotiţe
Banat plain
- Sorocul de la Beregsaul Mare
- Sorocul de la Jebel
- Pe loc ca la Murava
- Pe loc a lui lefta Lupu
- Intoarsa
Banat mountain
- Briu Batrin
- Ardeleana de la Rugi
- Ardeleana Baba Peleaga
- Ardeleana ca pe Valea Almajului
- Doiul roata de la Glimboca
- De doi ca la Caransebes
Moldavia
- Băiţenească
- Bătrânesca din Bucovina
- Arcanul
- Arcanul Bătrânesc
- Bătuta
- Hora Câmpulungului
- Hora de la Munte
- Raţa
- Hora miresei
- Batuta de la Tudora
- Batuta de la Vorona
Oltenia
- Alunelul de la Goicea
- Sârba Căluşerească
- Sârba Oltenească
- Trei Păzeşte de la Bistreţ
- Trei Păzeşte de la Dolj
- Bobocica
- Boiereasca
- Alunelul
- Briuletul
- Hora mare
- Galaonul
Bihor
- Polca
- Pe picior
Nasaud
- De-a lungul
- Barbuncul
- Invirtita
Transylvania
- Bota
- Crihalma
- De-a Lungul
- Jiana Veche
- Joc în Patru
- Oaş Dance
- Sârba Sita Buzălilui
