Domnall Ua Lochlainn

Domnall Ua Lochlainn (1048–10 February 1121), also known as Domnall Mac Lochlainn,^[1] claimed to be High King of Ireland.

Origins

Domnall was the son of a certain Artgar son of Lochlann. Genealogical compilations, such as that surviving in the Rawlinson B.502 manuscript trace Domnall's ancestry back, through the High King Domnall ua Néill, and his father the heroic Muirchertach mac Néill, to Niall Glúndub. The reality appears to be subtly different as demonstrated by the records in the Book of Leinster. Rather than being the descendants of Lochlann, grandson of Domnall ua Néill, the Mac Lochlainn appear to have be descended from another Lochlann, Lochlann mac Maíl Sechnaíll, a descendant of Niall Glúndub's obscure brother Domnall Dabaill. Nonetheless, the Mac Lochlainn were members of the Cenél nEógain branch of the Uí Néill, and could rightly claim famous ancestors, albeit in the 9th century and earlier. Under Domnall, the Cenél nEógain were again a significant force in Irish politics.

High Kingship after Máel Sechnaill

Outline political map of Ireland in 1014.

The meaning, and even the definition, of the High Kingship of Ireland to which Domnall laid claim was far from clear in the period after the death of the last traditional Uí Néill king of Tara, Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill of Clann Cholmáin, in 1022. Later, rival kings produced differing definitions. Domnall's legal men, for example, claimed that a High King "with opposition" was the king of a province who could lead him army throughout Ireland without defeat, and this Domnall could do. The supporters of his southern rival, Muirchertach Ua Briain, disagreed, and said a High King "without opposition" should control three great port cities of Ireland: Dublin, Waterford, and Limerick, cities over which Muirchertach exercised some control. Regardless of legal fictions, the first king to construct something resembling an overlordship of Ireland after the death of Máel Sechnaill was Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó of the Uí Cheinnselaig. Only called King of Leinster and the Foreigners in his obituary, Diarmait was more than this, the effective ruler of much of Ireland. His son Murchad ruled Dublin, Toirdelbach Ua Briain in Munster was his client, and Niall mac Eochada of Ulster was his ally.^[2] Diarmait's career ended with his death in battle, attempting to subjugate the heirs of Máel Sechnaill, on Tuesday 7 February 1072.^[3] Diarmait's position was quickly taken by his former puppet Toirdelbach Ua Briain. Ua Briain installed his son, Muirchertach in Dublin, and campaigned in Ulster. In Leinster and Connacht he pursued a policy of setting rival families against each other. Domnall Ua Lochlainn, on his coming to power in 1084, was left undisturbed by Ua Briain, who fell ill the following year and died in 1086, aged 77. At his death, even the partisan northern annals recognised Toirdelbach Ua Briain as king of Ireland.^[4] However, a kinsman of Toirdelbach, Muirchertach Ua Briain, moved to oppose the rule of Mac Lochlainn between 1101 and 1119.

Death and after

Domnall's glowing obituary in the Annals of Ulster reads as follows:

Domnall son of Ardgar son of Lochlainn, over-king of Ireland, pre-eminent among the Irish in form and lineage, in sense and valour, in happiness and prosperity, in giving valuables and food, died in Daire Coluim Cille in the thirty-eighth year of his reign, the seventy-third year of his age, on Wednesday night, the fourth of the Ides [i.e. 10 February 1121] and the eighteenth of the moon, the feast of Mo-Chuaróc the wise.^[5]

Notes

References

Further reading

Griffin, Patrick C., The Mac Lochlainn High-Kingship in Late Pre-Norman Ireland. Unpublished M. Phil. thesis, Trinity College Dublin, 2002. Available at the author's website.