Celtic nations are areas of Europe inhabited by members of Celtic cultures, specifically speakers of Celtic languages. Since the mid-20th century, people of many nations and regions have used modern 'Celticity' to express their identity. Over time, these nations have come to be more or less widely labeled as Celtic. These Celtic places in Europe are sometimes also referred to as the "Celt belt" or "Celtic Fringe" owing to their location in the generally north-western part of the regions that they inhabit (e.g. Brittany is in the northwest of France, the Gaelic-speaking parts of Ireland and Scotland are in the northwest and west, respectively). However, these terms are sometimes interpreted as derogatory, so residents of these lands tend to prefer the term "Celtic nations". At one time the whole British Isles was predominantly Cruthin/Celtic[1]. The Romans called Britain Britannias and Britanniae, resulting in the word British. Successive invasions supplanted the Brythonic language from most of Great Britain, but the prefix Brit- is now more closely associated with Great Britain than with its Celtic roots.
Contents |
The 'Six Nations'
Nations that are usually included in this identifier include:
Brittany (Bretons)
Scotland (Scots)
Ireland (Irish)
Isle of Man (Manx)
Wales (Welsh)
Cornwall (Cornish)
It is these 'Six Nations' that (alone) are considered Celtic by the Celtic League, Celtic Congress, and various other pan-Celtic groups. Each of the six can boast a Celtic language of its own – the key criterion of Celticity for the organizations named. Four of the 'Six Nations' (Brittany, Ireland, Scotland, Wales) contain areas where a Celtic language is still used in a community (see Gaeltacht, Gàidhealtachd, and compare also Breizh-Izel and areas by Welsh language). [1] Generally these communities are in the west of the countries, in upland or island areas, and sometimes claim to be more Celtic than the anglicised/gallicised areas of the east, and big cities. For certain purposes, such as the Festival Interceltique, Galicia and Asturias are considered two of the eight Celtic nations. It should also be remembered that Welsh and Scots Gaelic speaking minorities are still extant, respectively, in the Chubut valley region of Patagonian Argentina, and Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia (Canada).
Other claims
areas where Celtic languages are widely spoken other parts of the six most commonly recognized 'Celtic nations' other parts of Europe once peopled by Celts
In general most countries of Western and Central Europe can be considered to have been influenced by the Celts. In a number of them, there are also 'Celtic' movements, wanting recognition as a Celtic Nation. None of them has a living Celtic language, unlike "the Six", and for those who base claims of Celticity around linguistics, this is a matter of controversy.
The Iberian Peninsula
Galicia, Asturias, Northern Portugal and also Cantabria, León are most often highlighted as areas most influenced by Celtic culture. In none of these regions has a Celtic language survived (although some place names are of Celtic origin), which means that the most common criterion for Celticity, that of having a Celtic language, does not apply. The main basis for these regions' present-day claim to Celticity is, rather, Celtic consciousness itself, which derives from a factual long-time tradition of Celtism in these regions, due to the fact that numerous Celtic tribes settled in the Iberian Peninsula (see Celtiberians) and left their mark, culturally and genetically.[2][3] [4] Consequently, similarities in both the cultural (music, dance, folklore) and genetic aspects can be found between the inhabitants of these areas and those of other Celtic nations.[5][6]
- See also: Nationalities in Spain
Formerly Gaulish regions
Many of the French people themselves identify actively with the Gauls.
The French- and Arpitan-speaking Aosta Valley region in Italy also presents a casual claim of Celtic heritage and the Northern League autonomist party often exalts what it claims are the Celtic roots of Padania. Reportedly, Friuli also has an ephemeral claim to Celticity. Walloons are sometimes characterized as "Celts", mainly opposed to "Teutonic" Flemish and "Latin" French identities; the word "Walloon" derives from a Germanic word meaning "foreign", cognate with "Welsh" and "Vlach".
England
Celtic traditions and customs have continued in England, particularly in extremities of the south west and the north (see Devon, Northumbria and Cumbria). As a whole, England is not a Celtic country because it lacks a Celtic language; during the 'Celtic' era, Great Britain was populated by a number of regional Celtic tribes, none of whom directly ended up forming the English nation. In Celtic languages, it is usually referred to as "Saxon-land" (Sasana, Pow Saws, Bro-Saoz etc), and in Welsh as Lloegr (though the Welsh translation of English also refers to the Saxon route: Saesneg, with the English being referred to as "Saeson", or "Saes" in the singular). Unlike many of the above examples, there is little political motivation behind this search for a more complex identity, but a recognition that local linguistic and cultural peculiarities can be traced back to Celtic origins. Cumbria, for example, retains some Celtic influences from local sports (Cumberland wrestling) to superstitions, and traces of Cumbric are still spoken, famously by shepherds to count their sheep. There has been a suggestion to bring back Cumbrian as a language and about 50 words of a reconstructed, hypothetical "Cumbric" exist. However, most competent scholars believe that it would be little different from an archaic dialect of Northern Welsh, but the evidence is far too slight to make a meaningful attempt. The county is also home to the Rheged discovery centre profiling the Celtic history of Cumbria. Its name is cognate with Cymru, the Welsh name for Wales meaning Land of Comrades. English Celtic revivalism has not always been popular with its neighbours, many of whose own revivals have sought to counteract the majority culture of England within the United Kingdom. It also tends to be apolitical, in strict contrast to that of the "Six", Galicia or even Padania. Early revivalism concentrated on King Arthur, fairy and folklore and also Boudicca, whose statue stands outside the Palace of Westminster. Boudicca, who fought Roman imperialism, was looked up to by one or two Victorian English imperialists, who claimed "her new empire" was bigger than the Roman. Modern revivalism has focused more on music, mythology, rituals such as the Druids and a better understanding of Celtic festivals that have been observed in England since the Celtic period, and dialect or language.
Outside of Europe
In other regions, people with a heritage from one of the 'Celtic Nations' also associate with the Celtic identity. In these areas, Celtic traditions and languages are significant components of local culture. These include the Chubut valley of Patagonia with Welsh speaking Argentinians (known as "Y Wladfa"), Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, with Gaelic-speaking Canadians and southeast Newfoundland with Irish-speaking Canadians. Also at one point in 1900's there were well over 12,000 Gaelic Scots from the Isle of Lewis living in the Eastern Townships of Quebec, Canada, with place names that still exist today recalling those inhabitants. Appalachia and parts of the Southern United States were also heavily settled by Celts, with much of the culture reflecting this fact.[7] In his autobiography the South Africa poet Roy Campbell recalled his youth in the Dargle Valley, near the city of Pietermartizburg, where people spoke only Gaelic and Zulu.
In addition to these, a number of people from the USA, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and other parts of the former British Empire may consider themselves to have 'Celtic nationality'.
See also
- Anglo-Celtic
- Celt
- Celtic Art
- Celtic Fusion
- Celtiberian
- Celtic language
- Celtic music
- Celtic Revival
- Germanic Europe
- Latin Europe
- Modern Celts
- Pan-Celticism
- Slavic Europe
References
- ^ Ian Johnston. "We're nearly all Celts under the skin", The Scotsman, 2006-9-21. Retrieved on 2007-11-24.
- National Geographic, "The Celtic Realm". March, 2006.
External links
- Celtic League
- Celtic League - American Branch
- The Celtic Realm
- Celtic-World.Net, - Various information on Celtic culture and music
- National Geographic Map: The Celtic RealmPDF (306 KiB)
- The Celtic Nations
|
|
||
|---|---|---|
| Nations |
 |
|
| Languages | ||
| Culture | ||
| Music | ||
| Sport |
Cammag · Cornish hurling · Cornish wrestling · Curling · Gaelic football · Gaelic handball · Golf · Gouren · Rounders · Highland games · Hurling · Road bowls · Shinty |
|
| Peoples | Breton · Cornish · Irish · Irish Traveller · Manx · Scottish · Ulster-Scots · Welsh | |
