Asynchronous circuit

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An asynchronous circuit is a circuit in which the parts are largely autonomous. They are not governed by a clock circuit or global clock signal, but instead need only wait for the signals that indicate completion of instructions and operations. These signals are specified by simple data transfer protocols. This digital logic design is contrasted with a synchronous circuit which operates according to clock timing signals.

Benefits

Different classes of asynchronous circuitry offer different advantages. Below is a list of the advantages offered by Quasi Delay Insensitive Circuits, generally agreed to be the most "pure" form of asynchronous logic that retains computational universality. Less pure forms of asynchronous circuitry offer better performance at the cost of compromising one or more of these advantages.

• Robust handling of metastability of arbiters.
• Early Completion of a circuit when it is known that the inputs which have not yet arrived are irrelevant
• Possibly lower power consumption due to the fact that no transistor ever transitions unless it is performing useful computation (clock gating in synchronous designs is an imperfect approximation of this ideal). However, when using certain encodings, asynchronous circuits may require more area, which can result in increased power consumption if the underlying process has poor leakage properties (for example, deep submicrometre processes used prior to the introduction of high-K dielectrics).
• Freedom from the ever-worsening difficulties of distributing a high-fanout, timing-sensitive clock signal
• Better modularity and composability
• Far fewer assumptions about the manufacturing process are required (most assumptions are timing assumptions)
• Circuit speed is adapted on the fly to changing temperature and voltage conditions rather than being locked at the speed mandated by worst-case assumptions.
• Immunity to transistor-to-transistor variability in the manufacturing process, which is one of the most serious problems facing the semiconductor industry as dies shrink.
• Less severe electromagnetic interference. Synchronous circuits create a great deal of EMI in the frequency band at (or very near) their clock frequency and its harmonics; asynchronous circuits generate EMI patterns which are much more evenly spread across the spectrum.

Applications

ILLIAC II in 1962 was the first completely asynchronous, speed independent processor design. DEC PDP-16 Register Transfer Modules (ca. 1973) allowed the experimenter to construct asynchronous, 16-bit processing elements. Delays for each module were fixed and based on the module's worst-case timing. Caltech designed and manufactured the world's first fully Quasi Delay Insensitive processor. During demonstrations, the researchers amazed viewers by loading a simple program which ran in a tight loop, pulsing one of the output lines after each instruction. This output line was connected to an oscilloscope. When a cup of hot coffee was placed on the chip, the pulse rate (the effective "clock rate") naturally slowed down to adapt to the worsening performance of the heated transistors. When liquid nitrogen was poured on the chip, the instruction rate shot up with no additional intervention. Additionally, at lower temperatures, the voltage supplied to the chip could be safely increased, which also improved the instruction rate -- again, with no additional configuration. In 2004, Epson manufactured the world's first flexible microprocessor called ACT11, an 8-bit asynchronous chip. Synchronous flexible processors are slower, since bending the material on which a chip is fabricated causes wild and unpredictable variations in the delays of various transistors, for which worst case scenarios must be assumed everywhere and clock everything at worst case speed. The processor is intended for use in smart cards, whose chips are currently limited in size to those small enough that they can remain perfectly rigid.

Theoretical foundations

Some^{[attribution needed]} have argued that Petri Nets are an attractive and powerful model for reasoning about asynchronous circuits. However Petri nets have been criticized by Carl Hewitt and others^{[attribution needed]} for their lack of physical realism (see Petri net#Subsequent models of concurrency). Subsequent to Petri nets other models of concurrency have been developed that can model asynchronous circuits including the Actor model and process calculi. The term asynchronous logic is used to describe a variety of design styles, which use different assumptions about circuit properties. These vary from the bundled delay model - which uses 'conventional' data processing elements with completion indicated by a locally generated delay model - to delay-insensitive design - where arbitrary delays through circuit elements can be accommodated. The latter style tends to yield circuits which are larger and slower than synchronous (or bundled data) implementations, but which are insensitive to layout and parametric variations and are thus "correct by design."

External links

• An introduction to asynchronous circuit design by Davis and Nowick
• Asynchronous logic at University of Manchester, UK
• Null convention logic, a design style pioneered by Theseus Logic, who have fabricated over 20 ASICs based on their NCL08 and NCL8501 microcontroller cores [1]
• The Red Star is a version of the MIPS R3000 implemented in asynchronous logic
• The Amulet microprocessors were asynchronous ARMs, built in the 1990s at University of Manchester, UK
• The N-Protocol developed by Navarre AsyncArt, the first commercial asynchronous design methodology for conventional FPGAs.
• PGPSALM an asynchronous implementation of the 6502 microprocessor
• Caltech Async Group home page
• Epson ACT11 Flexible CPU Press Release