Abolished monarchy

Throughout history monarchies have been abolished either through legislative reforms, coups d'etat, or wars. One example is the overthrow in 1649 of the English monarchy by the Parliament of England, led by Oliver Cromwell. The monarchy was restored in 1660. Another is the abolition of the French monarchy in 1792, during the French Revolution. The French monarchy was later restored several times until 1871. The ancient monarchy of China ceased to exist in 1912 after the revolution of Sun Yat-sen. The last emperor of Korea lost his throne in 1910 when the country was annexed by Japan. After the death of the last khagan in 1924 Mongolia became a republic. In 1893 foreign business leaders overthrew the Queen of the Kingdom of Hawaii. They established a republic, which joined the United States in 1898. The monarchy of Portugal was overthrown in 1910, two years after the assassination of King Carlos I. The monarchy of Russia was abolished during World War I. The monarchies of Turkey, Germany and Austria were abolished in the aftermath of the same conflict. At the time, monarchies were planned for the Grand Duchy of Finland (to have a Finnish King), and for Lithuania (Mindaugas II of Lithuania), with a protectorate-like dependency of Germany. Both kings renounced their thrones after Germany's defeat in November 1918. The royal houses of Bulgaria, Serbia, Hungary, Romania, Albania, and Italy were toppled in the aftermath of World War II. In Greece the king was forced into exile after a coup d'état in 1967 and the republic was proclaimed in 1973 (confirmed by referendum in 1974). The monarchies of India, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe were abolished when, or shortly after, they became independent of the United Kingdom, while remaining within the Commonwealth in the middle of the 20th century. That of Ireland was not abolished when Ireland became independent of the United Kingdom in the 1920s, but was abolished by the Republic of Ireland Act of 1948, which came into force in 1949. Pakistan became a republic in 1956. The monarchy in South Africa was abolished in 1961 with referendum. The latest country to become a Commonwealth republic was Mauritius in 1992. That of Egypt was abolished after a coup d'état in 1952; that of Tunisia in 1957, that of Iraq in 1958, that of Libya in 1969, that of Iran was abolished by the Islamic revolution of 1979. In Ethiopia the emperor lost his throne in 1975 due to a communist takeover. Communist revolutions put to end the monarchies of Indochina after World War II: Vietnam in 1955, Laos in 1975 and Cambodia in 1970. Later the monarchy was restored in Cambodia under Norodom Sihanouk in 1993. Brazil rejected an attempt to restore its monarchy in the 1990s[1], while efforts to restore the monarchies of some of the Balkan states in the former Eastern Bloc continue. In Bulgaria, Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, who was deposed from the Bulgarian throne in 1946, was elected and recently served as the Prime Minister of his country from 2001 to 2005. In a 1999 referendum, the voters of Australia rejected a proposal to abolish their monarchy in favour of a specific republic model. The proposal was rejected in all states, with only the Australian Capital Territory passing the proposal. On December 24, 2007, the Nepalese government decided in an accord to abolish the monarchy after elections are to be held by April, 2008.^[1]Further measures were done to make it a "federal democratic republican state" in a Bill passed by a parliamentary vote on December 28.^[2]

Monarchies abolished in the 20th century

Country		Year	Annotations
1900s
1910s
	Portugal	1910	revolution
	Korea		native monarchy abolished; replaced by rule by Japan, a monarchy, through 1945
	China	1912	Xīnhài Revolution
	Albania	1914	monarchy restored in 1928 (Albanian Kingdom)
	Russia	1917	February Revolution
	Montenegro	1918	referendum deposed King and united with Serbia
	Germany		All on account of German defeat in World War I and the following German Revolution
	– Prussia
	– Bavaria
	– Württemberg
	– Saxony
	– Hessen-Darmstadt
	– Baden
	– Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
	– Mecklenburg-Schwerin
	– Mecklenburg-Strelitz
	– Oldenburg
	– Brunswick
	– Anhalt
	– Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
	– Saxe-Meiningen
	– Saxe-Altenburg
	– Waldeck-Pyrmont
	– Lippe
	– Schaumburg-Lippe
	– Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
	– Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
	– Reuss Senior Line
	– Reuss Junior Line
	Austria		—
	Finland		never in effect
	Lithuania
	Poland		—
	Hungary		restored 1920, although throne remained vacant with a Regent
1920s
	Bukhara (Uzbekistan)	1920	—
	Khiva (Uzbekistan)		—
	Turkey (Ottoman Empire)	1923	Turkish War of Independence followed by a parliamentary decision in 1923
	Greece	1924	restored 1935 and abolished via referendum in 1974
	Mongolia		—
1930s
	Spain	1931	later restored (see below)
1940s
	Croatia	1943	—
	Iceland	1944	union with Denmark terminated
	Yugoslavia	1945	communist reconstruction
	Manchukuo		Manchukuo merged into the Republic of China after abolition of the Empire
	Hungary	1946	Decision of the parliament without a referendum.
	Italy		referendum; official result: 54,3% in favour of republic
	Bulgaria		referendum initiated by the Soviets; official result: 95% against monarchy
	Albania		—
	Sarawak		—
	Romania	1947	—
	Indian Princely States	1947- 1950	became federal states of an independent India
	Ireland	1949	Abolished the last "King of Ireland", the King of the United Kingdom
1950s
	India	1950	Abolished Commonwealth monarchy
	Egypt	1953	coup d'état
	Vietnam	1955	referendum
	Pakistan	1956	Abolished Commonwealth monarchy
	Tunisia	1957	—
	Iraq	1958	coup d'état
1960s
	Ghana	1960	Abolished Commonwealth monarchy
	South Africa	1961	Abolished Commonwealth monarchy
	Rwanda		—
	Tanganyika	1962	Abolished Commonwealth monarchy
	Yemen		—
	Nigeria	1963	Abolished Commonwealth monarchy
	Uganda		Abolished Commonwealth monarchy
	Kenya	1964	Abolished Commonwealth monarchy
	Zanzibar		—
	Burundi	1966	—
	Malawi		Abolished Commonwealth monarchy
	Maldives	1968	—
	Libya	1969	coup d'état
1970s
	Cambodia	1970	later restored (see below)
	Gambia		Abolished Commonwealth monarchy
	Guyana		Abolished Commonwealth monarchy
	Sierra Leone	1971	Abolished Commonwealth monarchy
	Ceylon	1972	Abolished Commonwealth monarchy, state name changed in to "Sri Lanka"
	Afghanistan	1973	coup d'état
	Ethiopia	1974	coup d'état
	Greece		referendum; official result: 69% against monarchy
	Malta		Abolished Commonwealth monarchy
	Laos	1975	coup d'état
	Trinidad and Tobago	1976	Abolished Commonwealth monarchy
	Iran	1979	Iranian Revolution
	Central Africa		—
1980s
	Fiji	1987	Abolished Commonwealth monarchy. Queen Elizabeth II recognised as Paramount Chief by the Great Council of Chiefs
1990s
	Mauritius	1992	Abolished Commonwealth monarchy

Current monarchies that were abolished and then restored

• England, abolished 1649, restored 1660
• Spain, abolished 1873, restored 1874; abolished again 1931, restored 1947, initially under regency of Francisco Franco, with the king only restored in 1975
• Cambodia, abolished 1970, restored 1975, abolished again 1976, restored 1993
• Ugandan traditional states of Buganda, Toro, Bunyoro, and Ankole were abolished in 1967 and then restored in 1993

See also

• List of monarchs deposed before the 17th century
• List of monarchs deposed in the 17th century
• List of monarchs deposed in the 18th century
• List of monarchs deposed in the 19th century
• List of monarchs deposed in the 20th century
• List of extinct states

References