A Dictionary of Philosophy, Third Edition
. 1788–1860. Born in Danzig and educated partly in France and England, he worked mostly in Germany. He admired KANT, but, like KIERKEGAARD, reacted against the prevalent philosophy of HEGEL. He saw his chief contribution to philosophy as the identification of the Kantian thing-in-itself with the will, and emphasized the role of will in the world, both animate and inanimate.
His treatment of unconscious willing partly anticipated Freud. He combined this with an ethic of pessimistic resignation strongly influenced by Indian thought. Über die vierfache Wurzel des Satzes vom zureichenden Grunde (The Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason), 1813, revised, 1847. Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung (The World as Will and Idea (or Representation)), 1819. Parerga und Paralipomena 1851 (miscellaneous essays).
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