The Qur‘an: an Encyclopedia
Muhammad: life and work
Andrae, T. (1936) Muhammed: The man and his faith, trans. T.Menzel, London: George Allen & Unwin
Armstrong, K. (1992) Muhammad: A biography of the prophet, San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco
Cook, M. (1983) Muhammad, New York: Oxford University Press
Donner, F. (1979) ‘Muhammad’s Political Consolidation in Arabia up to the Conquest of Mecca’, Muslim World 69:229–47
Forward, M. (1997) Muhammad: A short biography, Oxford: OneWorld
Hawting, G.R. (1986) ‘Al-Hudaybiyya and the Conquest of Mecca: A reconsideration of the tradition about the Muslim takeover of the sanctuary’, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 8:1–23.
Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad (1955) The Life of Muhammad, ed., trans, and int. A.Guillaume. Karachi and Oxford: Oxford University Press
Ibn Kathir (2000) The Life of the Prophet Muhammad, trans. T.Le Gassick, Reading: Garnet Publishing
Ibn al-Nadim (1970) The Fihrist, ed. and trans. Bayard Dodge, 2 vols, New York: Columbia University Press
Kennedy, H. (1986) The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates, London: Longman
Kister, M.J. (1963) ‘Notes on the Papyrus Account of the 
Meeting’, Le Muséon 76:403–17
——(1964) ‘Notes on the Papyrus Text about Muhammad’s Campaign against the Banu al-Nadir’, Archiv Orientalni 32: 233–6.
——(1965a) ‘The Expedition of Bi’r Ma’una’, in George Makdisi (ed.) Arabic and Islamic Studies in Honour of Hamilton A.R.Gibb, Leiden: E.J.Brill, 337–57
——(1965b) ‘The Market of the Prophet’, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 8:272–6
——(1974) ‘On the Papyrus of Wahb b. Munabbih’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 37:545–71
——(1994) ‘And He was Born Circumcised … Some Notes on Circumcision in Hadith’, Oriens 34:10–29
——(1995) ‘The Sons of Khadija’, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam: 1659–95
Lecker, M. (1984) ‘The Hudaybiyya Treaty and the Expedition against Khaybar’, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 5: 1–11
——(1985) ‘Muhammad at Medina: A geographical approach’, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 6:29–62
——(1995) ‘The Death of the Prophet Muhammad’s Father: Did Waqidi invent some of the evidence?’, Zeitschrift der deutschen morgènländischen Gesellschaft 145, 1:9–27
Le Gassick, T. (2000) The Life of the Prophet Muhammad, Reading: Garnet
Newby, G. (1989) The Making of the Last Prophet: A reconstruction of the earliest biography of Muhammad, Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press
Peters, F.E. (1991) ‘The Quest for the Historical Muhammad’, International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 23:291–315
Rodinson, M.
(1980) Muhammad, New York: Pantheon Books
Rosenthal, F. (1968a) A History of Muslim Historiography, Leiden: E.J.Brill
——(1968b) ‘The Influence of Biblical Tradition on Muslim Historiography’, in Bernard Lewis and P.M.Holt (eds) Historians of the Middle East, London: Oxford University Press, 35–45
Rubin, U. (1985) ‘The Constitution of Medina: Some Notes’, Studia Islamica 42:5–20
Schimmel, A. (1985) And Muhammad Is His Messenger: The veneration of the Prophet in Islamic piety, Studies in Religion, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press
Serjeant, R. (1983) ‘Early Arabic Prose’, in A.F.L.Beeston, T.M.Johnstone, R.B. Serjeant and G.R.Smith (eds) Arabic Literature to the End of the Umayyad Period, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
al-Tabari, Abu 
Muhammad b.Jarir (1879–1901) 
al-rusul 
(Annales), ed. M.J.de Goeje, 15 vols, Leiden: E.J.Brill
——(1988) Muhammad at Mecca, ed. and trans. W.M.Watt and M.V.McDonald, Vol. 6, The History of al-Tabari, Albany, NY: SUNY Press
——(1989a) General Introduction and From the Creation to the Flood, ed. and trans. Franz Rosenthal, Vol. 1, The History of al-Tabari, Albany, NY: SUNY Press
——(1989b) The Foundation of the Community, ed. and trans. W.M.Watt and M.V.McDonald, Vol. 7, The History of al-Tabari, Albany, NY: SUNY Press
——(1990) The Last Years of the Prophet, ed and trans. Ismail K.Poonawala, Vol. 9, The History of al-Tabari, Albany, NY: SUNY Press
Tibi, B. (1994) Im Schatten des Allahs, Munich: Piper
Watt, W.M. (1953) Muhammad at Mecca, Oxford: Clarendon Press,
——(1956) Muhammad at Medina, Oxford: Clarendon Press
——(1961) Muhammad, Prophet and Statesman, New York: Oxford University Press
——(1988) Muhammad’s Mecca: History in the Quran, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
——(1990) ‘The Reliability of Ibn Ishaq’s Sources’, in Early Islam: Collected Articles, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 13–23.
Wolf, K. (1990) Conversion and Continuity, Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies
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