. 1818–83. Born in Trier, Germany, he worked in various cities of north-west Europe, and eventually in London. He was primarily a sociologist and economist, but his views have had considerable philosophical influence. He started from HEGEL’S dialectic and, in collaboration with Engels, founded the doctrine of dialecticalMATERIALISM, and developed a system of economic determinism which was supposed to govern human activities in every sphere. Okonomisch-philosophische Manuskripte aus dem Jahre 1844.
Die deutsche Ideologie, written 1845–6 (with Engels). Misère de la philosophie (The Poverty of Philosophy, 1847 (criticism of P.-J.Proudhon (1809–65)). Manifest der kommunistischen Partei, 1848 (with Engels). Grundrisse der Kritik der politischen Okonomie, written 1857–8. Zur Kritik der politischen Okonomie, 1859. Das Kapital, 3 vols, 1867, 1885, 1893 (this follows on from the two works last mentioned, and is itself followed by a historical fourth volume called Theorien über den Mehrwert (Theories of Surplus Value), written 1862–3).
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