Linguistics

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Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics

Scientific discipline with the goal of describing language and speech in all relevant theoretical and practical aspects and their relation to adjoining disciplines. Insofar as linguistics deals with human languages as a sign system, it can be understood as a subdiscipline of general semiotics. Because of the object of its study and the investigational methods appropriate to it, linguistics has characteristics of both the natural sciences and the social sciences. Depending on the interests of the investigator, linguistics can be divided into general linguistics, which attempts to develop theories explaining general universal regularities of language ( universals, language typology), and applied linguistics, which investigates problems dealing with specific languages. The various subfields of linguistics result from the different aspects of language investigated. (a) When the structure of language as a sign system is examined, the subfields phonology, morphology, word formation, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and text linguistics result. (b) These specific subdisciplines can be used to study language synchronically (i.e. in respect to one specific language state) or diachronically, when the historical development of a language is studied ( synchrony vs diachrony, language change). (c) Individual conditions of language production and perception are treated in psycholinguistics or neurolinguistics ( also language acquisition, language disorder). (d) The relationship between language and its social/sociological setting is addressed by sociolinguistics and ethnolinguistics. (e) The fields listed in (d) overlap with aspects of regional variants and influences ( dialect, dialectology). (f) Topics covered by applied linguistics include problems of foreign-language instruction ( foreign language pedagogy), translation, machine-aided translation ( computational linguistics) and language planning ( language contact).

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Dinneen, F.P. 1967. An introduction to general linguistics. New York.

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Gleason, H.A. 1955. An introduction to descriptive linguistics. New York. (Rev. edn 1961.)

Hockett, C.F. 1958. A course in modern linguistics. New York.

Jakobsen, R. and M.Halle, 1956. Fundamentals of language. The Hague. (2nd rev. edn 1975.)

Langacker, R.W. 1967. Language and its structure. New York.

——1972. Fundamentals of linguistic analysis. New York.

Lyons, J. 1968. Introduction to general linguistics. Cambridge.

——1981. Language and linguistics: An introduction. Cambridge.

Martinet, A. 1965. La linguistique synchronique, études et recherches. Paris.

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——1989. Linguistique générale, linguistique structurale, linguistique fonctionelle. Linguistique 25.245–54.

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Pedersen, M. 1962. The discovery of language. Cambridge, MA.

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——(ed.) 1993. British linguistics in the nineteenth century. London.

Harris, R. and T.J.Taylor. 1989. Landmarks in linguistic thought: the Western tradition from Socrates to Saussure. London.

Itkonen, E. 1991. Universal history of linguistics: India, China, Arabia, Europe. Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA.

Koerner, E.F.K. 1989. Practicing linguistic historiography.

Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA.

Kühlwein, W. (ed.) 1970/1. Linguistics in Great Britain. 2 vols. Tübingen.

Law, V. 1990. Language and its students: the history of linguistics. In N.E.Collinge (ed.) An encyclopedia of language. London. 784–842.

——(ed.) 1993. History of linguistic thought in the Early Middle Ages. Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA.

Lepschy, G. (ed.) 1994. History of linguistics, vol. 1: The eastern tradition of linguistics; vol. 2: Classical and medieval Europe. London.

Malmberg, B. 1991. Histoire de la linguistique de Sumer a Saussure. Paris.

Matthews, P.H. 1993. Grammatical theory in the United States from Bloomfield to Chomsky. Cambridge.

Mauro, T.de and L.Formigari, (eds) 1993. Italian studies in linguistic historiography. Münster.

Nerlich, B. 1991. Semantic theories in Europe, 1830–1930: from etymology to contextuality. Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA.

Owens, J. 1988. The foundations of grammar: an introduction to Medieval Arabic grammatical theory. Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA.

——1990. Early Arabic grammatical theory. Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA.

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Sebeok, T.A. 1966. Portraits of linguists: a biographical sourcebook for the history of Western linguistics, 1746–1963, 2 vols. Bloomington, IN.

——1975. Current trends in linguistics, vol. 13: Historiography of linguistics, The Hague.

Bibliographie linguistique—Linguistic bibliography. Utrecht and Antwerp. 1939ff.

Bibliographie linguistischer Literatur. 1975ff. Bibliographie zur allgemeinen Linguistik und zur anglistischen, germanistischen und romanistischen Linguistik. Frankfurt.

Koerner, E.F.K. 1978. Western histories of linguistic thought: an annotated chronological bibliography, 1822–1976. Amsterdam.

Rice, F. and A.Guss (eds) 1965. Information source in linguistics: a bibliographical handbook. Washington, DC.

Asher, R.E. and J.M.Y.Simpson (eds) 1994. The encyclopedia of language and linguistics, 10 vols. Oxford.

Bright, W. (ed.) 1992. International encyclopedia of linguistics, 4 vols. New York and Oxford.

Collinge, N.E. 1990. An encyclopedia of language. London.

Crystal, D. 1991. A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics, 3rd edn. Oxford.

——1987. The Cambridge encyclopedia of language. Cambridge.

——1993. An encyclopedic dictionary of language and languages. Oxford.

——1995. The Cambridge encyclopedia of the English language. Cambridge.

Dubois, J. et al. 1973. Dictionnaire de linguistique. 2nd edn. 1994. Paris.

Ducrot, O. and J.-M.Schaeffer. 1995. Nouveau dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences du langage. Paris.

Hartmann, R.R.K. and F.C.Stork. 1972. Dictionary of language and linguistics. Barking, Essex.

Malmkjaer K. (ed.) 1991. The linguistics encyclopedia. London.

Meetham, A.R. and R.A.Hudson (eds) 1969. Encyclopaedia of linguistics, information and control. Oxford.

Nash, R. (ed.) 1968. Multilingual lexicon of linguistics and philology. Coral Gables, FL.

Pei, M. 1966. Glossary of linguistic terminology. New York.

Trask, R.L. 1993. A dictionary of grammatical terms in linguistics. London.

Vachek, J. and J.Dubsky. 1966. Dictionnaire de linguistique de l’école de Prague. Utrecht and Antwerp.

Folia Linguistica.

Historiographia Linguistica.

International Journal for the History of Linguistics.

International Review of General Linguistics.

Journal of Linguistics.

Language.

Languages.

Lingua.

Linguistics.

La Linguistique.

Studies in Language.

Voprosy jazykoznan ija.

Word.

comparative linguistics

This is the complete article, containing 1,102 words (approx. 4 pages at 300 words per page).

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