. 1770–1831. Born in Stuttgart, he worked at a various German universities, especially Berlin, where he died. He is usually classified as an objective IDEALIST. His system is characterized by the use of a DIALECTIC of thesis, antithesis and synthesis (though some scholars warn against reading too much of this into Hegel), and could perhaps be described as an attempt to trace the development or emergence of ‘spirit’ or ‘Geist’, both systematically in a logical doctrine of categories and historically in the process of world history. He influenced such widely diverse thinkers as MARX, BRADLEY and CROCE, and stimulated vigorous hostility in KIERKEGAARD and SCHOPENHAUER. Phänomenologie des Geistes, 1807.
Wissenschaft der Logik, 3 vols, 1812, 1813, 1816. Die Encyclopädie der philosophischen Wissenshaften im Grundrisse, 1817 (first part is often known as the ‘Lesser Logic’, second part concerns philosophy of nature, third part covers same ground as the Phänomenologie). Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts, 1820 (or 1821). See also DIALECTIC, IDEA, METAPHYSICS.
F.C.Beiser (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Hegel, Cambridge UP, 1993. (See pp. 488–90 for list of translations.)
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